Nature Of The Audit Evidence - Know the Scope

How Indian Cinema Evolved over the Years Essay Example for Free

How Indian Cinema Evolved throughout the Years Essay A hundred years back on this date, India’s first film Raja Harishchandra was discharged. In the course of recent years, our film and its aspects have developed and how!! The saint From mooch to macho From a cumbersome mustached Raj Kapoor during the 40s to a six-pack displaying, butt-uncovering John Abraham now, the Bollywood legend has had a serious makeover. The 50s was the period of strategy acting with any semblance of Dilip Kumar, while during the 60s, Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand embodied sentiment on screen. After Khanna’s master kurtas and cushioned hairtop, Amitabh Bachchan carried the furious youngster into the image during the 70s and 80s with Zanjeer, Deewar and Agneepath, likewise bringing to the fore, chime bottoms and side consumes. The 90s was the hour of the sweetheart young men Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan and Salman Khan moving in intriguing remote areas. Presently, the Bollywood saint isn't limited by classification or style and fits into each shape. He is a looker, chocolatey, test and complete paisa vasool, read Ranbir Kapoor and Imran Khan. The courageous woman From weak to astonishing In the early decades, the champion in Indian film had just a single target throughout everyday life, that of being a sati-savitri, who never looked past her family and spouse. The kitchen was her case, and she encapsulated everything great. Through the 1940s, 50s and 60s, champions, for example, Mala Sinha, Meena Kumari, Madhubala, Nanda and Asha Parekh controlled these jobs. It was uniquely during the 80s and 90s that she advanced as a solid character (Rekha in Khoon Bhari Mang, 1988), (Meenakshi Sheshadri in Damini, 1993). While in the mid 2000s, she was as yet the bashful young lady, she figured out how to carry on with her life on her footing like Rani Mukerji in Kabhie Alvida Naa Kehna. What's more, the champion today is the hot, uber cool lady who thinks about minimal more than her own life. Approach to go young lady! The lowlife From unnerving to smooth From the typical parcel of devilish town zamindars, dealers, killers, attackers, dacoits and fear mongers, the overwhelming Bollywood scoundrels have gotten uncommon in new age film. In this manner the customary scoundrel, Loin, Shakal, Mogambo, Dr Dang and Badman, has passed on a characteristic demise. The wigged, stogie smoking symbols played by any semblance of Pran, Prem Chopra, Amrish Puri, have cleared a path for brilliant and in some cases more-charming than-the-saint sort of reprobates. Display A-Saif Ali Khan (Omkara) and Shah Rukh Khan (Don). No lines are drawn now and dark characters have got dim with lead entertainers playing enemies in films, nearly supplanting the devoted lowlifess. This denoted the finish of regularly resonating famous jokes like â€Å"Kitne aadmi the?† and â€Å"Saara sheher mujhe Loin ke naam se jaanta hain.† The maa Rona-dhona to supercool From the God dreading and plain mum to a gathering monstrosity, moms in Bollywood have made considerable progress since 1930s. While Nargis in Mother India (1957) played a mother who experienced hardships and attempted to raise her offsprings, Nirupa Roy during the 70s got interchangeable with white saris and a melancholic look. At that point came Reema Lagoo, with her bindi and sindoor, a perfect working class Indian mother in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), who attempted to be a companion to her child. Be that as it may, presently, moms are the uber cool ladies who are prepared to acknowledge even same-sex couples, for example, Kirron Kher in Dostana (2008). Furthermore, presently there are mother who drink and move at weddings, ala Dolly Walia in Vicky Donor (2012). The thing young lady Untouchable to absolute necessities The moving young lady advanced from the Cabaret enchantress, the free-energetic banjaran, the exotic mistress to moving flirts into equal parts saris. During the 40s and 50s, Cuckoo Moray, hotted up the screen with her guiltless appeal. The 50s saw Vyjayanthimala charm the crowd in melodies, for example, Chad Gayo Papi Bichua in Madhumati (1958) in ghagra cholis, and garbage silver gems. Helen controlled the 60s and 70s, rising in a striking symbol with emotional gatherings. The 80s saw the pattern of courageous women show up in thing numbers with Zeenat Aman in Qurbani (1980). Madhuri Dixit’s Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai turned into a definitive bother during the 90s. The thing young ladies of 2000s are provocative, not reluctant to show skin and love to put on a show, be it Malaika Arora Khan in a mid-riff exposing choli moving on a train or Katrina in Sheila Ki Jawani. The humorist Funny face to frontman The entertainer during the 40s, was the hefty man with amusing outward appearances, whose simple nearness made crowds chuckle. During the 1950s, the lean Johnny Walker broke that pattern and figured out how to win hearts with his droll diversion. Kishore Kumar, basically a vocalist, reclassified parody by utilizing his tunes like Meri Pyari Bindu (Padosan 1968) as components of fun in films. Be that as it may, it was Mehmood, with his bordered hair and flawless discourse conveyance who turned into the ruler of parody during the 1970s. The following huge thing in parody was Johnny Lever, who left crowds in parts with his non-verbal communication and discoursed in films like Raja Hindustani (1996) and Dulhe Raja (1998). Presently, it’s the saints †Akshay Kumar (Hera Pheri), Ajay Devgn (Golmaal) who are serving as entertainers. The companion Sidekick to one side hand man The side kick or hero’s closest companion, each Bollywood film has had one. The job could be that of a great amigo who gives lighthearted element to the film or that one jigari dost who remains with the legend through various challenges (as such, battles for the saint and regularly bites the dust at long last). From the times of Mukri and Mehmood, who played the hero’s old buddy during the 1950s and 60s to the ebb and flow time where entertainers like Arshad Warsi and Sharman Joshi play as ground-breaking characters as the saint himself, this depiction has had an ocean change. Mehmood in Humjoli (1970), for example, played a sidekick who carried the house down with his shenanigans, however Arshad Warsi in the Munnabhai arrangement (2003/06) played the perfect Robin to Sanjay Dutt’s Batman, and got probably the best lines in the movies. The sentiment Contact me-not to pre-marriage sex Romance in Bollywood abandoned striking to demure and back to scandalous and intense. The quiet film, ‘A Throw of Dice’ (1929) saw entertainer Seeta Devi kiss on-screen character Charu Roy. Post-autonomy, during the 1940s, sentiment got preservationist. The Cinematograph Act in 1952, called kissing on screen foul and sentiment became related with catching hand and gazing into each other’s eyes. Kissing was appeared with two blossoms meeting up or bumble bees sucking nectar from blossoms. 1970s was Raj Kapoor’s time that took an energy back to sentiment with motion pictures, for example, Bobby (1973), Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978). It was the 90s that sentiment took an unadulterated and sweet structure the two blockbuster hits Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) Dilwale Duhaniya Le Jayenge (1995). Presently, during the 2000s, pre-marriage sex appeared in films like Salaam Namaste (2005) and Rockstar (2011), is viewed as cool. The mu sic Songs to indecent tracks The 1930 and 40s, were characterized by nasal interpretations by any semblance of KL Saigal (Jab Dil Hi Tooth Gaya, Shahjahan, 1946) and Noorjehan. The 50s were about soul-relieving songs. Tunes like it Pyaar Huya Ekraar Huya (Shree 420 1952) or Jaane Woh Kaise Log The (Pyaasa 1957) became sagas. In any case, it was R D Burman, who without any help changed the course of Bollywood film music, and presented westernized tunes in melodies during the 60s. While 70s remained the time of a blend of delicate and quick numbers, the 80s turned Bollywood music on its head, as Bappi Lahiri got disco music. Disco Dancer (1982) denoted the start of a scope of high-on-clamor, low-on-verses melodies. The 1990s produced a few tremendously forgettable numbers, aside from melodic hits like 1942 a Love Story (1994), Saajan (1991). The 2000s have been the time of testing along these lines Sonu Nigam and Yo Honey Singh both discover place in a similar film. The exchanges Drama to peculiar Power-pressed discoursed get the greatest seetis from the crowd, and why not. A film is regularly associated with its famous exchanges. Kaun kambakth bardasht karne ke liye peeta hai, from Devdas that’s a most loved even with the ‘daarubaaz’ of today. Be that as it may, exchanges like Kitne aadmi the, and â€Å"Kuttey primary tera khoon pi jaunga† from Sholay, â€Å"Pushpa, I abhor tears† from Amar Prem and â€Å"Mere paas maa hai† from Deewar; have proceeded to get epic. During the 1990s, legends intrigued their woman love with discoursed. In this manner came, â€Å"I love you Kkk Kiran† (Darr), â€Å"Bade bade shehron mein aisi chhoti baatein hoti rehti hain.† (DDLJ 1995). In 2000, idiosyncratic exchanges, for example, Main apni most loved hoon (Jab We Met), Picture Abhi Baki Hai Dost (Om Shanti Om) are the successes among film buffs.

What the Average IQ Is and What it Means

What the Average IQ Is and What it Means Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Average IQ Scores Are Measured By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 07, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2018.? More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Average IQ Scores Scoring Measuring Intelligence Controversies View All Back To Top IQ, or intelligence quotient, is a measure of your ability to reason and solve problems. It essentially reflects how well you did on a specific test as compared to other people of your age group. While tests may vary, the average IQ on many tests is 100, and 68 percent of scores lie somewhere between 85 and 115.??? While IQ can be a predictor of things such as academic success, experts caution that it is not necessarily a guarantee of life success. Sometimes people with very high IQs do not fare so well in life, while those with average IQs may thrive. Average IQ Scores The measurement of intelligence has long been a hot topic in psychology and educationâ€"and a controversial one. Intelligence tests are one of the most popular types of psychological tests in use today. Ever since the first IQ tests emerged, attempts to classify IQ have followed. In order to understand what an average IQ score is and what it means, it is essential to first understand how IQ is measured. While different test publishers utilize different scoring systems, for many modern  IQ tests  the average (or  mean) score is set at 100  with a  standard deviation  of 15 so that scores conform to a normal distribution curve. On many tests, a score of 100 is considered the average IQ.68 percent of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean (that is, between 85 and 115). That means that nearly 70 percent of all people score within plus or minus 15 points of the average score.95 percent of scores fall within two standard deviations (between 70 and 130). Outliers beyond those points represent only a small portion of the population, which means that only a small percentage of people have a very low IQ (below 70) or a very high IQ (above 130).Scores below 70 may represent the presence of some sort of developmental or learning disability while scores over 130 may indicate giftedness. How IQ Is Calculated Historically, IQ tests have been scored in one of two ways. In the first method, a persons mental age was divided by their chronological age and then multiplied by 100. The other methods involve comparing scores against the scores of others in the individuals same age group. In this method, psychometricians utilize a process known as  standardization  to make it possible to compare and interpret the meaning of  IQ scores. This process is accomplished by administering the test to a  representative sample  and using these scores to establish standards, usually referred to as norms, by which all individual scores can be compared. Since the median score is 100, experts can quickly assess individual test scores against the median to determine where these scores fall on the normal distribution. Classification systems can vary from one publisher to the next although many do tend to follow a fairly similar rating system. For example, on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Stanford-Binet test, scores that fall between 90 and 109 are considered average IQ scores.On these same tests, scores that fall between 110 and 119 are considered high average IQ scores. Scores between 80 and 89 are classified as low average. So in most cases, if you receive an IQ score of around 100, then you have what is considered an average IQ. Dont worryâ€"you are in good company. Most people score within one standard deviation of this average. IQ Tests and How Intelligence Is Measured Intelligence tests are designed to measure  crystallized and fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence involves your knowledge and skills you have acquired throughout your life while  fluid intelligence  is your ability to reason, problem-solve and make sense of abstract information. Fluid intelligence is considered independent of learning and tends to decline in later adulthood. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, is directly related to learning and experience and tends to increase as people grow older. IQ tests are administered by licensed psychologists. There are different kinds of intelligence tests, but many involve a series of subtests that are designed to measure mathematical abilities, language skills, memory, reasoning skills, and information-processing speed. Scores on these subtests are then combined to form an overall IQ score. A few of the most common IQ tests in use today include: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for AdultsThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenThe Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScalesThe Kaufman Assessment Battery for ChildrenThe Cognitive Assessment SystemThe Differential Ability ScalesThe Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities It is important to note that while people often talk about average, low and genius IQs, there is no single IQ test. Many different tests are in use today including the afore-mentioned Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, as well as the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Each individual test is  different in terms of exactly what is being measured, how it is scored, and how these scores are interpreted. Controversies Over IQ Ever since the inception of the very first tests of intelligence, both academics and armchair psychologists have debated differences in intelligence, including possible connections between IQ and race.   In addition to connections between race and IQ, people have also attempted to connect IQ disparities to other factors such as sex differences and nationality. One important factor to also note is that overall, IQ scores have been rising worldwide, a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect. Race and IQ Scores During the 1920s, the US Army utilized IQ testing on recruits and found that different populations showed group differences in average IQ scores. Such findings helped fuel the eugenics movement and those who supported racial segregation. The 1994 book The Bell Curve rekindled the argument and controversy, as the book promoted the notion that racial group differences in average IQ scores were largely the result of genetics. Critics suggest that such group differences are more accurately a product of environmental variables. Such arguments over race and IQ are a reflection of the age-old nature versus nurture debate. Are certain traits, characteristics, and abilities more heavily influenced by genetics or by environmental causes? Those who believe that race is a determinate of IQ are taking the side of nature, suggesting that heritability is the primary determinant of IQ. However, research has found that while genetics do play a role in determining intelligence, environmental factors also play an important role. Some factors that have been linked to group differences in average IQ scores include education, health and nutrition, socioeconomic status, testing bias, and minority status. In response, the American Psychological Association formed a special task force led by psychologist Ulric Neisser to investigate the claims made by the book. They found no direct evidence to support genetic explanations for test score differences between blacks and whites. Instead, they stated that at the present time, there are no known explanations for such differences. Nationality Differences in Average IQ Scores Studies of national cognitive ability suggest that there are differences in IQ scores among different nations. Such studies remain limited, but some explorations of this topic have been conducted by creating estimates of average IQ for different nations. Such differences may be largely linked to environmental influences such as socioeconomic factors, literacy rates, educational rates, and life expectancy. According to research conducted by Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, Hong Kong had the highest average IQ at 108 while Equatorial Guinea had the lowest at 59. Average group IQs of some other countries included the United States at 98, the United Kingdom at 100, and Italy at 102.??? Sex Differences in Average IQ Scores Over the years, some researchers have argued that either males or females held an advantage in terms of IQ while others have argued that there are no significant differences between men and women. One study found that while there was no average difference in IQ scores between men and women, there tended to be more variability in IQ scores among men. Research has found that there are slight differences in the performance of verbal and spatial tasks, with women performing better on some verbal tasks and men performing better on some spatial ability tasks. However, researchers believe that this disparity is only partially due to biological differences and is also influenced by culture, experiences, and education.??? What an Average IQ Score Means to You While some limited generalizations can be made in relation to your average IQ score, keep the following in mind: It means you have average reasoning and problem-solving skills.  Your IQ score might be a good general indicator of your reasoning and  problem-solving abilities, but many psychologists suggest that these tests dont tell the whole story.???An average IQ score might not tell the whole story about what you are capable of.  A few things they dont measure are practical skills and talents. You might have an average IQ score, but you might also be a great musician, a creative artist, an incredible singer or a mechanical whiz. Psychologist Howard Gardner developed a theory of  multiple intelligences  designed to address this perceived shortcoming in popular conceptions of IQ.???IQ scores are not necessarily set in stone.  Researchers have also found that IQ scores can change over time. One study looked at the IQs of teenage subjects during early adolescence and then again four years later. The results revealed that scores varied as much as 20 points over that four-year period.??Some experts suggest that EQ might matter even more than IQ.  IQ tests also fail to address things like how curious you are about the world around you and how good you are at understanding and managing emotions. Some experts, including writer Daniel Goleman, suggest that  emotional intelligence  (often referred to as EQ) might  even be more important than IQ. And researchers have found that while having a high IQ can indeed give people an  edge in many areas of life, it is certainly  no guarantee of life success.?? A Word From Verywell Dont stress out if youre not a geniusâ€"the vast majority of people arent geniuses either. Instead, most people are somewhere within a 15-point range of the average IQ score. Just as having a high IQ doesnt ensure success, having an average or  low IQ  doesnt ensure failure or mediocrity. Other factors such as hard work,  resilience, perseverance, and overall  attitude  are important pieces of the puzzle.

History, Development And Growth The Starbucks Corporation

Case Study By Leader: Suman Beeram Nimisha Sylada Vinita Eswar Arjita Saxena Dinesh Cheedu 1. History, Development and Growth: The Starbucks Corporation (referred as â€Å"the company†) is worldwide recognized in delivering one of the best coffees to their customers within minutes. The first Starbucks shop was opened in 1971 in Seattle’s historic park called Pike Place Market with the help of Gorden Bowker, Zev Siegl, and Jerry Baldwin. Initially, the store sold coffee beans and coffee making products versus the drinks. Starbucks derived their company name from a novel by Herman Melville called Moby Dick. The novel gave an insight about the 19th century, which at that time was an apt name for the coffee shop. In 1982, Howard Schultz joined Starbucks as the Director of Retail Operations. The espresso bars in Italy inspired Schutlz to begin selling coffee drinks, specifically their culture and popularity toward coffee. The owners were not convinced with this idea, so Schultz started his own coffee chain called II Giornale in 1986. In 1987, the owners sold Starbucks to Schultz. Schultz took this opportunity and renamed all his existing stores of II Giornale to Starbucks and began expanding further. This opportunity made the people of Seattle go coffee-crazy. Starbucks decided to expand beyond Seattle in the early 1990s. Stores were beginning to open in the rest of the United States and North America. Starbucks became the first company to offer health benefits along with stockShow MoreRelatedTo Invest or Not Invest in Starbucks Corporation, That Is the Question1707 Words   |  7 Pagesreader whether or not investing in Starbucks Corporation will prove a lucrative endeavor. A company is a sy stem of interconnected parts and therefore cannot be analyzed by a single component, but through an integrated approach. The report will analyze the company’s health through integrating both qualitative and quantitative factors in order to formulate a decision based on the multidimensional nature of a company. By analyzing the qualitative aspects of Starbucks, the reader can gain a better understandingRead MoreGeneral Information / History : Starbucks1062 Words   |  5 PagesGeneral Information/History Starbucks Corporation is a specialty coffee retailer, roaster and marketer internationally. Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker established the first stand-alone Starbucks coffeehouse was opened in Seattle, Washington in 1971. In 1987, the original founders sold the company to the present CEO Howard Schultz for $7 million (â€Å"Starbucks Corporation†). Currently having 22,519 retail stores worldwide, Starbucks has developed into the largest coffeehouse company globallyRead MoreEssay on Starbucks Marketing Plan1006 Words   |  5 Pages Starbucks MKTG 3175 Gay Fortson Sharita Garmon Robin Hardy- Green Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 History and Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Marketing Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreStarbucks : The Leading Coffee House1111 Words   |  5 Pagesstop every morning is my neighborhood Starbucks. I wince at the thought of visiting places that don’t have my beloved Starbucks. 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Each member of the Board of Directors is chosenRead MoreStarbucks Financial Analysis1739 Words   |  7 PagesStarbucks Financial Analysis Financial Analysis of the Starbucks Corporation 2401 Utah Avenue South Seattle, Washington 98134 (800) 235-2883 Financial Analysis of the Starbucks Corporation Company Overview Starbucks is the world’s largest specialty coffee retailer, Starbucks has more than 16,000 retail outlets in more than 35 countries. Starbucks owns more than 8,500 of its outlets, while licensees and franchisees operate more than 6,500 units worldwide, primarily

Can Life Get Any Worse Essay - 865 Words

Could life get any worse? As I said to myself. It was just the news I needed before I started summer vacation. Dr. Judy Kanz broke the news that I am borderline diabetic due to my weight being extremely high. From time to time I recall eavesdropping on my Nina s conversations about her diabetes. It was known that the disease runs in my family but for myself to be right there, it was a good enough scare to take my health seriously. This required dieting, exercising and doing things that I have never done before. On top of all that, I was battling a severe depression. As a sixteen year old, my weight was two hundred and fifteen pounds with the height of five feet and two inches which did not correlate with one another. In other words, I appeared as an oompa loompa from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory minus the bronze skin tone and green hair. Insecurities and low self-esteem issues is what I faced. It seemed to be the main cause of my depression. Or maybe it was in combination with the borderline diabetes diagnosis. Either way, I still felt like shit. On the contrary, everyone in my family including my extended family were overweight and they seemed so careless about it. So I thought to myself, with disease comes medication and worry, knowing it could of all been prevented. Yet, I did not know where to start. Without a doubt I knew who I had to call, my uncle Adolfo. He was the Marine with tactical training and intelligence. By all means, I have should of preparedShow MoreRelatedHow Can My Life Get Any Worse From Here? Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever thought, how can my life get any worse? Then life challenges you, and it gets worse. I was a straight A student, I had many friends, and I was a hopeful for an athletic scholarship. So, when I woke up that morning and received the news that would change my life, I asked, how can my life get any worse from here? Early in November of 2013, I was sick. 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Distance Learning The New Frontier in Education Free Essays

string(42) " symmetrical to the conventional methods\." Distance learning has started to become more visible in today’s society. It has been recognized as an integral part of the education system. While still not being utilized in all places, it’s spreading and gaining ground as one of the more popular ways to deliver information. We will write a custom essay sample on Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a means of educating students, distant learning helps plug holes that have been created by a lack of a certified teacher being available. Through distance learning, technology has become an intricate part of how students are educated. Early Beginnings Distance Learning has been considered somewhat of a new idea. However, some of the key concepts that shape distance learning have been around for quite some time. Distance learning has a large portion of its roots in what’s known as correspondence study. According to Webster’s’ Dictionary, correspondence is defined as, â€Å"a course offered by a correspondence school. † Correspondence is defined as, â€Å"1 a: the agreement of things with one another b: a particular similarity c: a relation between sets in which each member of one set is associated with one or more members of the other — compare FUNCTION 5a. This information explains to us that two different parties are engaging in a form of communication with one another. â€Å"The roots of distance learning are at least 160 years old. An advertisement in a Swedish newspaper in 1833 touted, the opportunity to study ‘Composition through the medium of the Post. ’ In 1840, England’s newly established penny post allowed Isaac Pitman to offe r shorthand instruction via correspondence. † This information is very important because it helps in shaping some of the reasons and purpose of why correspondence was necessary. The power of correspondence began to develop even further. Because its advantage was in its ability to send information via the postal service, correspondence created opportunities for people to gain knowledge without physically being present. Not all scholars believe that form information transferrence marked the beginning of distance learning. â€Å"The history of distance education could be tracked back to the early 1700s in the form of correspondence education, but technology-based distance education might be best linked to the introduction of audiovisual devices into the schools in the early 1900s. This is an interesting point because it shows that different reference points are used according to a different set of criteria. As correspondence study continued to evolve, the implementation of correspondence schools began to expand. Several different correspondence schools were opened inside and outside of the United States: In 1891, Thomas J. Foster, editor of the Mining Herald, a daily newspaper in eastern Pennsylvania, began offering a correspondence course in mining and the prevention of mine accidents. His business developed into the International Correspondence Schools, a commercial school whose enrollment exploded in the first two decades of the 20th Century, from 225,000 in 1900 to more than 2 million in 1920. In Britain, we are informed that correspondence began to progress, â€Å"with the founding of a number of correspondence institutions, such as Skerry’s College in Edinburgh in 1878 and University Correspondence College in London in 1887. † As time progressed, distance learning received more support with the development of different communication mediums. Radio began to find its way into the mix of distance education. In the 1920’s, at least 176 radio stations were constructed at educational institutions, although most were gone by the end of the decade. † The development of televised courses began to receive a major push as well: In the early 1930’s experimental television teaching programs were produced at the University of Iowa, Purdue U niversity and Kansas State College. However, it was not until the 1950’s that college credit courses were offered via broadcast television: Western Reserve University was the first to offer a continuous series of such courses, beginning in 1951. The development of fiber optics paved the way for distance learning to make greater strides. It allowed for fast expansion of live, two-way, high-quality audio and video systems in distance education. With the introduction of the computer, teaching at a distance was able to really take off by leaps and bounds. Online courses found its way onto a number of colleges and universities. This was a great stepping stone for the development of such institutions as the British Open University, the American Open University, Nova Southeastern University and the University of Phoenix. These schools offer an enormous amount of courses online. According to Teaching and learning at a Distance; it is vital to the study of distance learning to combine theory because â€Å"it directly impacts the practice of the field. † There are many theorists whom express their ideologies that pertain to the historical background of distance learning. There are several scholars that note how important the role of theory and distance education intertwine, including; Borje Holmberg, Michael Moore, Otto Peters and many others. Theorists’ Desmond Keegan exemplifies the significance of theory and distance education when he expressed in 1988†¦ Lack of accepted theory has weakened distance education: there has been a lack of identity, a sense of belonging to the periphery and the lack of a touchstone against which decisions on methods, on media, on financing, on student support, when they have to be made, can be made with confidence. Keegan in his theories, implements how distance learning is vital in not only the classroom, but also how it encompasses the areas of politics, finance, and socialism. According to this theorist this type of education not only affects the classroom, it covers several properties of the world. Bjore Holmberg’s ideas promote that like any type of education. This type is no different in that it is according to him, trial-and-error with mere attentiveness to the theoretical stand point in making decisions. The ideas between Holmberg and Keegan contrast in that, Holmberg views distance learning as a representation of a deviation from conventional learning, while Keegan’s theories deduce that this type of instruction is a discrete type of education is symmetrical to the conventional methods. You read "Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education" in category "Papers" Contemporary Issues Distance Learning has created a wealth of opportunities for education to reach people in a variety of formats. With progress come concerns and issues that must also be addressed. There are several areas that have become red flags in the process of delivering education through the non-traditional classroom setting. Several policy issues have come about that are being examined. These areas of development deal with academic, fiscal and geographic: Institutions will need to develop policies that clarify everything from academic calendar to transferability. When a course is offered at one institution through a traditional classroom model, the academic calendar, for example, is the purview of that college or university. In certain cases, state regulations influence the calendar. But when a college enters into a consortia arrangement with other institutions on different academic calendars, it can become very confusing for the learners. In fact, some semesters or quarters end too late for courses to transfer to another college. Since distance learning models can complicate this process, flexibility is required. This is an issue that I personally encountered while taking an online Spanish course at Pulaski Technical College in the summer of 2007. In order to enroll for Spanish 2 I had to show that I had passed Spanish 1. The deadline was 2 days before grades were to be posted. I was fortunate enough to receive help from the administration but it was an intervention that would be constant on the part of the university. There’s also the question of integrity on the part of the students. While the use of CIV technology can alleviate some of this, other forms of distance learning continue to deal with this problem. The issue of students allowing others to complete their assignments has been around for quite some time. With distance learning, it looks to be just as prevalent. Fiscal concerns are consistent for a number of reasons. In most cases, distant education comes with a higher price tag than the conventional classroom setting: One certain way to guarantee problems in a distance learning program is to overlook the role of receiving institutions – those who do not offer the courses but provide the resources for learners to participate. This includes â€Å"receive† sites for interactive television courses and colleges that provide their computer laboratories to learners not enrolled at that institution. Contractual arrangements often provide a source of revenue to these receive sites, but in some cases policies do not provide, or prohibit, revenue sharing. Eventually, these receive sites become a source of frustration and potential revenue loss, which can diminish an otherwise well-run program. Distance learning policies must address the issue of equitable fiscal arrangements with receive sites and all other partners. These issues must be clarified in advance of program offerings, for without them, sound fiscal planning is impossible. Students are experiencing, what is called, geographic â€Å"out-of-state† fees for distance classes. This is a major concern because the internet is a boundless instrument that does not limit the learners’ ability to acquire knowledge on the basis of physical location. Asking students to pay extra fees for such this reason is of major concern: Setting tuition clearly is a fiscal issue; however, it also is a key aspect of the geographic service issue. Is â€Å"out-of-state† currently a relevant categorization for learners? Will â€Å"out of country† rates still apply? If we are to recognize the overarching reach of today’s distance learning, existing policies need close examination and new policies may be needed to redefine tuition rates and service area restrictions. Another issue deals with the availability of instructors. While most of the curriculum is uploaded to the site in online courses, students may have questions that aren’t explained in the information. The difficulty comes in trying to contact the teacher through email or via telephone. The instructor may not respond in a timely manner, which puts the student at a disadvantage if the assignment is due before the question gets answered: Respondents were asked to rank the differences between traditional course delivery and distance delivery. The scale was according to importance, one having the most importance and six the least importance. The order in which possible choices were ranked was not of importance in this question. The rankings provided by each respondent for each difference was what was being examined. Results can be seen in Table 4. The primary choice for most important was â€Å"interaction with instructor† with 40 out of 107 (37. 4 percent) responses. Ronn Atkinson, social studies teacher at the Distant Learning Center in Maumelle, suggests that, â€Å"not all kids in Arkansas have access to the internet. It’s either a question of accessibility or affordability. CIV is very expensive. Buying the system and paying the line charges, etc. Some districts can’t afford it on their own without help. † Futuristic Implications Distance learning has made some very interesting strides and looks to be a mainstay in the future. This alternate form of education looks to be the growing as it takes on different shapes. Distance learning will take the place of traditional classrooms because of the accessibility that students have to computers. The overhead cost of running and operating an educational institution from a building will be a big determining factor in the success of distance learning: Despite the challenges distance education presents to our traditional conceptions of education and instructional delivery, distance education enrollment at community colleges has increased greatly over the last decade, suggesting that distance education offers an alternative to the traditional classroom experience that accommodates many students’ individual circumstances and educational needs. Although the goals and outcomes of distance education are still somewhat unclear, it is generally agreed upon, however, that the marriage of technology and higher education will be a lasting one, and by the year 2000 more students will be instructed via more media than was ever thought possible. Though distance learning has become a very viable asset to education, a very key component to learning may be lost in the shuffle. The instructor’s ability to inspire the students through classroom lectures and instruction would most definitely not have the same effect on a student via online learning: How can we substitute for the inspiration of personal interaction with faculty members? In all of my years at Miami-Dade Community College, I never received a letter complementing a college program without reference to a faculty member or other staff member who had inspired or contributed to the development of the writer. Almost all of us can point to an individual, very often a faculty member, who had major impact on our lives. Is there a way to keep that inspiration in a distance learning situation? Is there something to be substituted? Compressed Interactive Video (CIV) has become a very interesting form of technology. This medium allows students to be taught a subject by a teacher in another location outside of the school building. So if a student is interested in taking a sociology course and their school does not offer it, he/she can utilize this system. More students are taking advantage of this technology each year. While CIV is still pretty expensive, over time it will become more affordable. Once that happens, it will help in the progression of home schooled students. Conclusion The power of learning at a distance has reached unparalleled heights in its ability to educate students. While there are some concerns as to whether or not it’s the â€Å"cure all,† there doesn’t seem to be much concern whether or not it is the medium of the future. It is cost efficient and looks to be the ultimate replacement of school building instruction. Distance learning is the truly the way of the new frontier. Bibliography Simonson, Michael; Smaldino, Sharon; Albright, Michael; Zvacek, Susan. Teaching at a Distance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall, 2000. Gellman-Danley, B. , Fetzner, M. J. (1998). Asking the Really Tough Questions: Policy Issues for Distance Learning Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume I, Number 1, Spring, State University of West Georgia, Distance Education. Schmidt, E. K. Gallegos. A. (2001). Distance Learning: Issues and Concerns of Distance Learners, Journal of Industrial Technology, Volume 17, Number 3 – May 2001 to July 2001. McCabe, Robert H. (1996). Ten questions for the future of distance learning, Community College Week, 10415726, 7/29/96, Vol. 8, Issue 26 The Future of Distance Learning. (1994). Retrieved April 25, 2009, from EducationAtlas. com Website: http://www. educationatlas. com/the-future-of-distance-learning. html Research in Distance Learning. (2009) The History of Distance Education. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from MA Distributed Learning Web site: http://www. digitalschool. net/edu/DL_history_mJeffries. html How to cite Distance Learning: The New Frontier in Education, Papers

Reading Response for Communication Ethics Essay Example

Reading Response for Communication Ethics Essay Subject: Reading Response for Communication ethics Introduction Communication is an important element of business. It ensures all activities are running smoothly in an organization. This article discusses several cases of unethical practices of information in the business world. A study has confirmed that most business people always mishandle information. For example, they withhold information from parties like the government, clients or agencies. It also expounds on business people being ethical. This is mainly to the employer and the rest of the management. Since they should be exemplary to the rest of the employees, they need to be ethical (Ross et al, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response for Communication Ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response for Communication Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response for Communication Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Summary of main points Fraud cases The article has discussed three examples of fraudulence in the corporate world. One of the greatest is from Adelphia Company. Its founder and his two sons were arrested because of looting the company. The company is at the verge of being bankrupt because of mismanagement of funds. They used company funds for personal use. Former Tyco International Ltd CEO is responsible for misappropriation of funds. He is likely to have bought an apartment using Company funds. A Wall ST. employee is in custody because she used information to benefit herself in insider trading. She was a trust so it was illegal for her to go against her obligation (Ross et al, 2003). Ethics in employers Employees are very concerned about their employer’s ethical practices. This is because they understand that it will have an effect on them. A study shows that less than half of employees consider their employers ethical. What is even worse is that very few employees report about unethical practices. They believe that those cases will be dealt with complete justice. This suggests that only a few people believe in the judicial system Employees fear that when they report unethical practices, they will face negative consequences. For example, the management will get back at them. They could lose their jobs for invalid reasons. Another common way is frustrating employees until they resign. They also feel the organization will not take any major actions (Ross et al, 2003). Business ethics This is a structure of how people should behave in the corporate world. These policies are fair to everyone and they assist in eliminating exploitation and other malpractices. Different managers have suggested other versions of defining business ethics. Some of them are controversial so a standard definition was given. Ethics is good at enhancing discipline and coexistence. Business ethics also consider the outside business environment like the society. Businesses engage in corporate social responsibility because it is part of business ethics (Ross et al, 2003). Perception I agree with the information in this article. There are endless cases of unethical practices in business. Some stakeholders take wrong advantage of information engage in illegal practices. I witnessed some bank employees attempting fraud. Since they had enough information on how to make debit cards, they wanted to use them on money dispensers. They targeted accounts with huge deposits and got details on how to debit them. Fortunately, they were not successful and they were sued for that. This article will help readers to learn the importance of communication ethics and practice it. Conclusion In general, the memo emphasizes the importance of practicing communication ethics in business. Many people do not understand the need for it. Employers should ensure that ethics are part of company’s policy and they should ensure they are followed. They should be exemplary for others to follow. All managers should understand the definition of business ethics because it will help in enforcing it. Reference: Ross, R.A, Mark, M., Cohen, L.P., Markon, J. et al (2003) Communication Ethics Management Communication: A Case Analysis Approach. 2nd edition. New Jersey: Pearson education, Prentice hall.