Proposed Amendments On The Fair Work Amendment Bill 2014

Synopsis This document investigates the proposed amendments in the Fair Work Amendment Bill 2014 (Cth) as approved by the Senate’s Education and Employment Legislation Committee in June 2014 (EELC 2014). Specifically, it investigates four key amendments relating to Greenfields Agreements: 1. Implementation of good faith bargaining principles 2. Three-month negotiation timeframe 3. Optional notification of unions 4. Additional approval criteria After considering insights from several conflicting viewpoints, it is recommended that the first two changes are approved, that the third is altered and that the fourth is rejected. Introduction The Fair Work Amendment Bill 2014 (Cth) addresses 10 key issues that will lead to improvement of the†¦show more content†¦Greenfields Agreements Greenfields are an unique type of enterprise agreement which is usually made before any employees have been engaged at a new enterprise (FWC 2014). This is particularly useful for firms as it provides certainty about their labour costs which is often essential to secure finance and approval for projects (EELC 2014). Over two thirds of Greenfields agreements occur in the construction industry, with a further 5.2 per cent occurring in the mining industry (EM 2014). Current Situation Currently they must be formed between the employer and the union(s) that are best able to represent a majority of the employees that will be covered by the agreement (EM 2014). Additionally, they are not subject to good faith bargaining principles. The Liberal Party (2013) highlight the dire state that certain employers are in. At the moment, Greenfields negotiations are vulnerable to disruption by unions and firms are often forced into agreeing to unions exorbitant demands for wages and conditions, to minimise delays (FWRP 2012). It means that many employees are idle or caught up in lengthy bargaining processes, where as they could be more efficiently utilised engaging in formal work. This creates added costs for employers. However the alternative to start a project without a greenfield agreement in place leaves even less protection. Under this alternative businesses are vulnerable to protected industrial action as

Major Depressive Disorder ( Mdd ) - 1428 Words

Major Depressive Disorder is defined as a â€Å"moderate-to-severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixed episodes† (Butcher, Hooley, Mineka, 2014, p. 618). Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is also referred to Major Depression. MDD is also â€Å"characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities. Major depression is disabling and prevents a person from functioning normally. Some people may experience only a single episode within their lifetime, but more often a person may have multiple episodes† (National Instittute of Mental Health, 2014, p. 2) Forms of Major Depressive Disorder†¦show more content†¦Postpartum depression is described as â€Å"more serious than the ‘baby blues’ that many women experience after giving birth, when hormonal and physical changes and the new responsibility of caring for a newborn can be overwhelming. It is estimated that 10 to 15 percent of women experience postpartum depression after giving birth (National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2014). Finally yet importantly, is Seasonal affective disorder, otherwise known as SAD. SAD is â€Å"characterized by the onset of depression during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. The depression generally lifts during spring and summer. SAD may be effectively treated with light therapy, but nearly half of those with SAD do not get better with light therapy alone. Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy can reduce SAD symptoms, either alone or in combination with light therapy† (National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2014). There are more forms of depression but the one that will be focused on is Major Depressive Disorder. Causes of MDD Major Depressive Disorder is typically â€Å"caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors† (National Instittute of Mental Health, 2014, p. 6). The genetic factor of MDD has â€Å"shown that the prevalence of mood disorders is approximately two to three times higher among blood

Renewable Energy Generation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Pakistan has rich energy beginnings but unluckily these rich beginnings of energy have non been utilized so far. To run into this Remedy Government of Pakistan ( Ministry of Power and Development ) formulized a scheme named â€Å" Policy for development of Renewable energy beginnings † . This policy made Pakistan usage of its energy beginnings in a efficient manner in its first stage widening up to June 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Renewable Energy Generation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sing the benefits being gained of this policy, it is further divided into its 2nd and 3rd stages severally and this stage would farther find the use of renewable energy sourced blessed to Pakistan by nature. Important characteristics of this policy are: 1. This policy contains assorted of import chances that attract investors from the assorted private sectors. i.e.. It provides an chance of acquiring one stabilized in his ain independent power undertakings that could either be used for one ‘s ain intents or it can be made to make others in return of the net incomes of your investing. 2. An investor bring forthing electricity utilizing renewable energy beginnings at one location, at the same clip can acquire an equal sum of electricity for any sort of usage at another location conveying electricity through grids at his ain disbursals. 3. Via use of Renewable energy beginnings, it allows to bring forth electricity and manufacturer can sell excess sum of electricity and at the same clip, he can have electricity from another grids and this production and receiving of electricity can be solved by net metering and charge which this policy has introduced, therefore rendering big benefit to little scaly productions and besides enhanced the efficiency of bing installed systems. 4. This policy is significantly of import for micro, mini hydro and solar based electricity production undertakings. 5. The complex techniques of Duty Determination have been simplified following transparent and apparent rules laid down by the policy of renewable energy beginnings. 6. An model characteristic of this policy is the decrease of hazards associated to power buyers as it used to be found in the yesteryear. Therefore it can be said that the policy with its salient characteristics discussed above can play a cardinal function in beef uping the economic system of our state every bit good as it can stabilise the economic system of assorted power undertakings being run by figure of private investors. Introduction: Our state Pakistan is comprised of more than 150 million people therefore using immense energy. This high demand of energy is impossible to be met if we depend on planetary energy fuels of high monetary values. So, to run into this job Government of Pakistan has introduced the policy of use of renewable energy beginnings pulling the private investor ‘s along with covering with high demand of energy use. With the turning demand of energy beginnings and visual aspect of new engineerings in the planetary universe would find the reaching of more and more policies originating from this really core policy of renewable energy beginnings in Pakistan. Power Sector Institutions: Following are the power sector establishments in Pakistan: 1. Ministry of Power and Water development: This establishment is supposed to cover with all the issues originating of the affair of energy production and ingestion. This sector besides with other related independent and independent establishments of energy beginnings. 2. National electrical and power ordinance authorization ( NEPRA ) : NEPRA provides the policies, regulations and ordinances to guarantee safe and choice production of electricity and besides safe transmittal of electricity to consumers. 3. Alternative energy development Board: AEDB is designated to implement the assorted programs rendered by Government of Pakistan related to the use of energy beginnings in Pakistan. It besides covers advertisement to make consciousness and ease the energy ingestion in Pakistan. Renewable Energy Resources: Following are the renewable energy beginnings in Pakistan. Hydro Potential: So far, no exact appraisal has been brought in related to hydro power potency in Pakistan but if we take mean, this possible comes out to be 45000 MW. This possible includes power ingestion in all the walks of life and hydro power workss. Status 2006: The hydro power capacity of Pakistan so far assumed is 5928 MW of big ( gt ; 250 MW ) 470 MW of medium ( gt ; 50 and lt ; 250 ) And 253 MW of micro ( lt ; 50 MW ) workss. Now it makes the amount of 6608 MW, which barely covers 15 % of entire identified hydro potency in Pakistan. Wind Potential: Wind power undertaking resources exist in assorted parts of the state including southern Sindh and Coastal countries of Pakistan with monthly norm wind velocity of 6-7 m/s at some sites. Status: Unfortunately there is no air current power undertaking commercially working in Pakistan. However micro wind power undertakings have been tested. Solar and Thermal Potential: Pakistan is blessed with immense solar energy resources. Most sites of Pakistan receive big sum of solar energy in the universe that extends to 2 MWh/m2 or 3000 hours of sunlight. Status: This big sum of solar energy is being ignored. So far now solar and thermic power undertaking has been installed in Pakistan. Biomass Potential: Pakistan being an agricultural state contains big reservoirs of biomass in the signifier of residue harvests, animate being wastes and rice chaffs etc. Status: This big reservoir of biogases is being utilized in Pakistan at assorted low degrees and frequently at high degrees. This sector is besides allowed to sell excess power other than of its ain required usage to sell to grids at the rate of 700 MW. Strategic aims of Policy: There are four cardinal aims that formulate the policy of development of renewable energy beginnings: Energy Security: Energy is the chief demand of today ‘s modern civilisation. Following the importance of use of energy by the modern societies has risen up the monetary values of fuel and oil in the planetary market. The use of renewable energy beginnings by which our state is blessed would guarantee us the energy security and we would be less dependent on others to run into the demand of energy. Economic Benefits: Renewable energy beginnings if used decently in any state can be really helpful in profiting the economic system of that peculiar state. As use of energy from other beginnings would ensue in energy losingss and wastage of money to an unexpecting bound, nevertheless, utilizing the renewable energy beginnings of our ain state, we can salvage the big sum of our economic system which is spent on importing the energy beginnings from other states to our ain usage. Social Equity ; As discussed earlier, that utilizing the renewable energy beginnings of our state can do us able to salvage the economic system and salvaging the economic system would straight intend prosperity of the state that can profit the people of our state by eliminating poorness rate and guaranting security of societal rights among all the citizens of our state. Renewable energy beginnings can besides cut down the labour work as it can replace the human attempts in field by machineries which are non being utilized because of high monetary values of fuel in the international market. Environmental Protection: Use of local energy beginnings is the confidence of environmental protection as it lowers the hazard of air and environmental pollution which is frequently threatened to the society by utilizing the natural and fuels of hapless quality being imported from other states. Policy Goals and developmental scheme: Following are the ends that lead the state to explicate the policy of development of renewable energy beginnings: 1. Maximal use of energy beginnings of our state that can ease the lives of our people by supplying electricity through all the parts of the state. 2. Renewable energy beginnings can do the state meet the turning demands of people populating in it. 3. An investing friendly environment is created in the market therefore pulling private sectors and enabling them to advance friendly and economical environment for the investors in the sector of renewable energy beginnings. 4. Deriving of economic benefits is besides one of the primary ends meant to acquire achieved via this policy. Scope of Policy: This policy leads to the use of different renewable energy beginnings. Micro hydro Solar polytheist hydro Wind power undertakings Municipal waste and landfill methane recovery Biomass Gasification Crop residues Etc etc. Road Maps for policy development and Execution: Keeping in head the important of renewable energy beginnings, a strategic policy specifying the fundamental laws has been formulized. This policy is divides in three stages and each stage, if implemented good can do us succeeded in accomplishing the aims. Short term stage. Short term stage includes indulgent policies in order to make an economic friendly atmosphere throughout the concern countries of the state and take the bing barriers impeding in the manner of our concern sector.This stage focused allot on little hydro, solar and wind power undertakings for immediate commercial development. This stage helped in pulling the private sectors to put in commercial markets for renewable energy beginnings. This stage developed regular frame work, develops markets, assessed the resources, swayers development programmes and finance development for renewable energy beginnings and ease the markets to renewable energy beginnings in the state. Average Term: Following the enormous success of the policy of renewable energy beginnings in its short stage, another comprehensive stage set on with more effectual policies and nonsubjective that would widen up to 30th of June 2012. This stage emphasized on developing the inclination of competition among assorted renewable energy engineerings application class. One such illustration is the use of Grid connected air current farms. It besides developed the market and inclination in people for utilizing the spread Renewable energy beginnings such as solar place systems. Long Term: The execution of the policy of renewable energy beginnings will come in the long stage every bit shortly as average term ends, to acquire the coveted aims. This stage will to the full develop the competitory ambiance in the market among assorted initial RETs. It will be lead under the â€Å" compulsory sweeping Wheeling † . Supplying an investor with full options of using any of the available renewable energy beginnings and competition to a full swing to do usage of each and every resource that is easy available. How to cite Renewable Energy Generation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Essay on Work-Life Balance

Question: Write Essay on Work-Life Balance. Answer: Abstract In this essay the term flexibility in workplaces will be thoroughly analyzed from different angles. Going through the matter that is available on this subject we will be trying to find out if the current growing trend of the flexible hours in the workplaces. The advantages and the disadvantages would be discussed and we shall see how it has affected us and the motto of work life balance has been achieved or rather compromised. If achieved then to what extent and if compromised then to what extent it has been compromised. Different scholars have presented their views on this topic these views too would be mentioned in this essay. Introduction As mentioned above the main subject of the essay is the argument that has been going on in the Australian workplace which id the flexibility and work and life balance. Flexibility of job refers to the flexible hours of working and achieving the target set by the company by increased number of hours at once so that employees can take off and also that the firms do not have to hire more employees to get the job done. There have been arguments for and against this topic but one must agree that the original idea of introducing the system of flexibility to achieve the work life balance is lost and it has shifted into more professional strain on the employees (Keliher et al, 2008) Juliet Bourke on the use of flexibility has moved away from its original paradigms. Juliet Bourke is known for her opinions on the Australian working scenario and working conditions. She is regarded as one of the talented personalities who is expert in organizational work set and cultural conditions of the firm. She has helped in developing a better work culture in the Australian business centers. Let see her views on this subject and how far she is true in her opinion. According to her the entire paradigm that had been first introduced has now undergone a total change and has been used as weapon by the employers to get more work out of the employees. Initially it was regarded as a great step ahead foe the employees to have a work and life balance but with time it has turned out to be something else. Her main view is that the entire concept has been changed diplomatically and has led to more work pressure on the employees as they have to work for more number of hours in order to get holidays( Goodman, et al, 2012) These holidays are afterwards not well utilized as there is the lucrative over time benefit which the employees utilize in order to gain more salary. This has saved most of the capital of the employers which they would have to invest in hiring another part time worker as the salary differs on the basis if transfer payments of every employee. Juliet Bourke has rightly said that the original paradigm has been lost and that the whole concept of maintaining the balance in life as developed sense of negativity about itself. Exploitation is a harsh word but with the trend that can bee seen we do not hesitate to say that the employees in a way have been exploited by the business firm under the tag of a better work culture. Flexibility has a totally new meaning today. Going home after work hours and completing work looks good and flexible but employees dont understand the fact that they pull up an extra, unnecessary workload and stress upon them which has its share of disadvantages itself.( Rosta, Judith, et al, 2007) The only people enjoying here, naturally, are the employers, who make one of their employees in his/her flexible hours, do work of two other employees and put him/her under deadline pressure of pay-cuts, or in extreme cases, sacked. So it can be said the employers smartly maneuver their work amongst their employees and if they come under extra important work, their mightiest weapon, flexible working hours of employees comes in handy and with such conditional deadlines, they usually have 95% accuracy(Purcell, et al 2007). Employees should know themselves that once they directly accept extra assignments out of their working hours, they come under the checklist to be assigned every now and th en without any regard of personal time and space, no matter how important an invitation or time with family is, work is work (Waumsley et al. 2009). What the employees fail to see that doing this extra work might give them extra pay but they lose out on quality time with family and friends. The taste and crispiness of life withers away. Sometimes, Boss may allow his employee to take off for their kids football match, but the same boss will not hold back to call at 9.30 for giving work. At these late hours, the mind craves for relaxation, but making it work more on really important work makes it rusted though it is beneficial for the concerned company because they are able to pull out more amount of work, the amount work done by two employees completed by a single employee, under pressure. Sometimes it can help build up multi-tasking management skills for the employees but the work they do is never planned and is most unexpected as to when and what the work maybe. Some managers love to see their employees work, work and work all day and cannot stand them resting at home too so theyre given the next days work to be completed at home too. With increase in such competition, there are very few chances of getting jobs. This keeps the employees skeptic of switching jobs from the one where there was least satisfaction. Continuous work pressure, an unsatisfied boss deteriorates the potential of a worker to minimum level. So proper choice of jobs and not undertaking extra jobs in flexible hours should be practiced. Employees should certainly be more optimistic towards their work and just not do any way of making extra money by doing work in their flexible work hours. Once in the corporate sector, the employee should start working smart, not hard, because that is the only difference between a smart working employer and a hard working employee. (Hertz et al, 2010) The implications of the excessive working hours on the performance of employees and managers Excessive working hours or overtime can be beneficial as well as harmful for the employees and companies. Everything has its pros and cons. To stimulate economic result, employers use flexibility. Employees work for excessive working hours in order to meet and achieve the goals of a company. Managers, professionals and administrative staff has the liberty to choose the starting and finishing time of their work as well as choosing the overtime hours of work according to their conveyance, so that they can take some time off, whereas other workers has not been given such freedom. But the downside of excessive working hours is greater than the advantages. Firstly, it takes a toll on heath of the employees and managers both physically as well as mentally. According to the researchers, long working hours adversely damages and increase health problems of the workers. Few of the health problems that have been linked with excessive working hours are increase in mental health issues, gestation al age among women, increase in the consumption of alcohol among men, lower back injuries for the workers who are involved in a lot of physical lifting and increase in the suicide rate. This leads to an increase in indirect cost for health care, treatment, absenteeism et cetera, which ultimately reduces the productivity of the company. Occupational injuries and illnesses are the common effect of excessive working hours. Along with increase in working hours, there is an extended safety risk, which comprises of performance and safety at nuclear plants, disabled performance and lesser attention, an increased mistakes in the medical provision, an increase in accident incidences by three times after sixteen hours of work. Safety issue can also rise from the weariness and exhaustion of the employees and managers, or it might be a cumulative consequence of long working days at a stretch. Decrease in productivity is another outcome of excessive working hours. It is also a fact that the more time given or is available to meet the deadline or complete the task, people tend to work slowly which leads to an increase in an unproductive time. Other factors such as worried about work, family issues and other health complications contribute to decrease productivity. Absenteeism is increased because of exhaustion, substandard healt h or just for the sake of deriving a break from the hectic schedule one takes a time off from work. Frequent absences are compromised by overtime; however replacement is done by the company for the vacancies which makes the problem all the more self-sustaining. Increase in turnover is another result of the lack of work life balance. It is dealt with the same response as of absenteeism, over time work is implemented to fill the vacancies. There are several ways to deal with overtime problems such as reducing instinctive absences, ensuring whether the staffs is suitable, alternative work arrangements, discourage over timing on the basis of policies and procedures and work towards the goal to increase productivity. There is a high dissatisfaction among the people of Australia because of the lack of stability in their work and non-work life. As per the survey, more than 20% of people work for 48 hours or more and approx. 60% of people is not able to take regular holidays. Around three q uarters of these people would preferably work for fewer hours. Ways in which employers could facilitate work-life balance during an economic downturn. Maintaining a healthy balance between work life and personal life is doubtlessly good for employees and has been taken into consideration lately by the organizations. Work-life balance is successfully regulating the juggling move paid work and other tasks which is significant to people (Turnipseed, et al, 2005) Flexibility has been innovated very much in terms of when to work and where to work. Employers facilitate work-life balance by allowing the employees to work from home periodically so that they can utilize flex time in some other personal work like by spending time with family or going out with them, without losing a pay. If there is proper balance in work and life, employers tend to give their best performance, because he/she must be contented with his/her life or maybe their family is happy. Not only this, but it is believed that where happiness prevails that workplace becomes exciting and conflict free (Baker McClearn, et al, 2010). Employees pursue to reformulate ordinary hours of work, inspite of the Fair Work Act, which toughens to purchase penalty rates for the employers (Naithani, et al, 2009). Workers have been given the sovereignty over paid and unpaid excessive hours now days. "Most of the gains allow employees to work longer hours or adjust those hours to care for their personal and family responsibilities while getting their work done (Gorman-Murray et al, 2011). Although some may have expected employers to cut back on flexibility entirely during this economic downturn, we are seeing employers leverage flexibility as they look toward the future, said by Ellen Gainsay. Almost every employee should be given right to work flexibly. This can be achieved by various flexible working implementations, like changeable working hours, home working, part-time working, constricted hours and term-time working. Excessive working hours will lead to long term damaging effect on employees. It is only possible to manage or survive excessive and overtime hours of work for a short time. Work-life balance contributes to a working environment that mitigates stress and pressure. It creates an equal opportunity for every employee. For example work-life flexibility empowers everyone to choose the pattern of working hours according to their schedule which deems fit with their personal life, social life, health et cetera. It obtains staff loyalty and dedication boosts them for higher performance which ultimately leads to an increase in the productivity of an organization. It is very important to able to maintain at a certain level the approach to work-life balance (Kossek, et al, 2011). Reference: Kelliher, C. and Anderson, D., 2009. Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work.Human relations. Beugelsdijk, S., 2008. Strategic human resource practices and product innovation.Organization Studies,29(6), pp.821-847. Waumsley, J.A. and Houston, D.M., 2009. Flexible working, professional success and being female: are they incompatible?.Review of European Studies,1(2), p.39. Hertz, A., Lahrichi, N. and Widmer, M., 2010. A flexible MILP model for multiple-shift workforce planning under annualized hours.European Journal of Operational Research,200(3), pp.860-873. Rosta, Judith, and Andreas Gerber. "Excessive working hours and health complaints among hospital physicians: a study based on a national sample of hospital physicians in Germany."GMS German Medical Science5 (2007). Caruso, Claire C., et al. "Long working hours, safety, and health: toward a National Research Agenda."American journal of industrial medicine49.11 (2006): 930-942. Ala-Mursula, Leena, et al. "Long hours in paid and domestic work and subsequent sickness absence: does control over daily working hours matter?."Occupational and environmental medicine63.9 (2006): 608-616. Balance, Work Life. "Work Life Balance."Work1.1.5 (2013): 2-0. Goodman, Annekathryn. "Worklife balance."Physicians pathways to non-traditional careers and leadership opportunities. Springer New York, 2012. 25-34. Burg-Brown, Stephanie. "Work-life balance."Journal of Property Management78.4 (2013): 48-54. Purcell, John, and Sue Hutchinson. "Front line managers as agents in the HRM performance causal chain: theory, analysis and evidence."Human Resource Management Journal17.1 (2007): 3-20. Turnipseed, David L., and Ali Rassuli. "Performance Perceptions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours at Work: a Bi Level Study among Managers and Employees."British Journal of Management16.3 (2005): 231-244. Baker McClearn, Denise, et al. "Absence management and presenteeism: The pressures on employees to attend work and the impact of attendance on performance."Human Resource Management Journal20.3 (2010): 311-328. Naithani, Pranav. "Overview of work-life balance discourse and its relevance in current economic scenario."Naithani, P.(2010). Overview of work-life balance discourse and its relevance in current economic scenario. Asian Social Science6.6 (2009): 148-155. Gorman-Murray, Andrew. "Economic crises and emotional fallout: Work, home and mens senses of belonging in post-GFC Sydney."Emotion, Space and Society4.4 (2011): 211-220. Kossek, Ellen Ernst, Boris B. Baltes, and Russell A. Matthews. "How workfamily research can finally have an impact in organizations."Industrial and organizational psychology4.3 (2011): 352-369.

Business Ethics of Companies

Three-Fifths Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise Free Online Research Papers The Three-Fifths compromise was a compromise between the Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the House of Representatives. (Wikipedia contributors, 2008) The question is whether slaves should be counted as people or property to determine each states financial contribution to the central government? At the Constitutional Convention, the North wanted to count slaves as people verses property seeing as taxes were determined by population. On the other hand, the South wanted slaves to be counted as people for apportioning Representatives. At the time the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, there were more than 500,000 black American slaves. Jefferson had expressed American injustice and explained why the colonists were breaking away and were no longer under any obligations of civil obedience with the British. His words stated America’s beliefs of freedom and equality. However, in spite of his beliefs, Thomas Jefferson himself was a slave owner that had owned more than 100 slaves. Slaves accounted for about one-fifth of the population in the American colonies. Most of them lived in the Southern colonies, where slaves made up 40 percent of the population. Many colonists, even slave holders, hated slavery. Thomas Jefferson called it a â€Å"hideous blot† on America. George Washington, who owned hundreds of slaves, denounced it as â€Å"repugnant.† George Mason, a Virginia slave owner, condemned it as â€Å"evil.† (The Constitution and Slavery, 2008). Southern colonists relied on slavery and were among the richest in America. Their cash crops of tobacco, indigo, and rice depended on slave labor, which they were not willing to give up. The first U.S. National government began under the Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781. This document said nothing about slavery. It left the power to legalize slavery, as well as most powers to the individual states. After their experience with the British, the colonists doubted a strong central government. The new national government consisted solely of a Congress in which each state had one vote. The new government proved to be unsuccessful with little power to carry out its laws or collect taxes. In May 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia. Rhode Island refused to send a delegation. Their original goal was to revise the Articles of Confederation. In the middle of secret sessions they changed their goal to write a new Constitution. The outline of the new government would consist of three branches which was the executive, judiciary, and a two-house legislature. A dispute occurred with the legislative branch. States with large populations wanted representation in both houses of the legislature to be based on population. States with small populations wanted each state to have the same number of representatives, like under the Articles of Confederation. Edmund Randolph of Virginia had proposed The Virginia Plan that favored the large states, including Virginia, which consisted of: 1) A bicameral legislature, with the lower chamber chosen by the people and the smaller upper chamber chosen by the lower chamber from nominees selected the state legislatures. The number of representatives would be proportional to a state’s population, favoring the large states. This legislature could void any state laws. 2) The making of an unspecified national executive, elected by the legislature. 3) The making of a national judiciary, appointed by the legislature. It did not take long for the smaller states to realize they would not benefit and knew it was time for them to come up with their own plan. William Paterson of New Jersey proposed a different plan called The New Jersey Plan, which consisted of: 1) The primary ruling of the Articles of Confederation-one state, one vote would be preserved. 2) Congress would be able to regulate trade and impose taxes 3) All acts of Congress would be the supreme law of the land. 4) Several people would be elected by Congress to form an executive office. 5) The executive office would appoint a Supreme Court The New Jersey plan was an amendment of the Articles of Confederation. The only significant feature was its reference to the supremacy doctrine, which state in Article VI of the Constitution that the laws passed by the national government under its constitutional powers, and all treaties represent the supreme law of the land. This argument carried on for two months. Finally the delegates agreed to the Great Compromise also known as the Connecticut Compromise, which was proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, which consisted of: 1) A bicameral legislature in which the lower chamber, the House of Representatives, would be apportioned according to the population in each state, plus three-fifths of the slaves. 2) An upper chamber, the Senate, which would have two members from each state elected by the state legislatures. The Connecticut Compromise resolved the large state vs. small state disagreement. It did correct a political price because it allowed each state to have equal representation in the Senate. Having two senators represent each state determined the voting power of citizens living in more heavily populated states and gave unequal political powers. The issue of how to count slaves split the delegates into two orders. The Northerners regarded slaves as property who should receive no representation. Southerners demanded that Blacks be counted with whites. The compromise clearly reflected the strength of the pro-slavery forces at the convention. The Three-Fifths Compromise allowed a state to count three-fifths of each Black person in determining political representation in the House. (Historic U.S. Cases, 1992) The three-fifths figure was the outgrowth of a debate that had taken place within the Continental Congress in 1783. The Articles of Confederation had apportioned taxes not according to population but according to land values. The states consistently undervalued their land in order to reduce their tax burden. To rectify this situation, a special committee recommended apportioning taxes by population. Northerners favored a 4-to-3 ratio, while southerners favored a 2-to-1 or 4-to-1 ratio. Finally James Madison suggested a compromise of 5-to-3 ratio. New Hampshire and Rhode Island did not approve this recommendation and because the Articles of Confederation require a unanimous agreement, the proposal was defeated. Later when the Constitutional Convention met in 1787, it adopted Madison’s earlier suggestion of 5-to-3 ratio. (Mintz, 2007). While the Constitutional Convention was debating in Philadelphia, it turns out there was a second compromise that was taking place in New York. With many members absent and the South for the time being holding a majority, Congress had passed the Northwest Ordinance, which banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. This land would be divided into five states: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and parts of Wisconsin. Some people believed that slave economies worked only in warmer climates; there would therefore have been little incentive to import slaves north across the Ohio River. (Collier, 1986, p. 219) The Northwest Ordinance had a clause promising that slaves who escaped to the Northwest Territories would be returned to their owners. This was part of the price of making the Northwest Territories free. The delegates placed a similar fugitive slave clause as well. In exchange for the fugitive slave clause, the New England states got concessions on shipping and trade. Another compromise found in section 9 of Article I, stipulates that Congress would not be able to prohibit the importation of slaves before 1808, although they may tax them $10 per slave. This helped to offset the Southern fears that Congress’ power to regulate commerce would be used to abolish slavery. This provision could not be changed by amendment, therefore, giving the slave trade a 20 year reprieve. The fugitive slave clause allowed escaped slaves to be chased into the North and caught. It also resulted in the illegal kidnapping and return to slavery for thousands of free blacks. The Three-Fifths Compromise increased the South’s representation in Congress and the Electoral College. References Collier, C., Collier, J. (1986). Decision in Philadelphia the Constitutional Convention of 1787.New York: Ballantine Books. Historic U.S. Cases 1690-1993: An Encyclopedia New York Copyright 1992 Garland Publishing, New York ISBN 0-8240-4430-4 Retrieved 19:08, February 20, 2008 from African American Registry web site: aaregistry.com/african_american_history/552/The_ThreeFifths_compromise Mintz, S. (2007). The three-fifth compromise. Retrieved February 20, 2008, from Digital History web site: digitalhistory.uh.edu/documents/documents_p2.cfm?doc=306 Ratification Debate on the U.S. Constitution. Retrieved, February 20, 2008, from Constitutional Rights Foundation web site: crf-usa.org/lessons/slavery_const.htm Three-fifths compromise. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:06, February 29, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-fifths_compromiseoldid=192755412 Research Papers on Three-Fifths Compromise19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Never Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceHip-Hop is Art

What extent has Facebook embraced diversity in its recruitment policy Research Proposal

What extent has Facebook embraced diversity in its recruitment policy - Research Proposal Example Many organizations have acknowledged the importance of embracing heterogeneity in the workplace. In the past, numerous organizations compelled employees to correspond to established organizational culture and abandon one’s diverse attitudes and traditions. According to Brecher’s (2012, p. 24) research, organizations that embraced diversity had a tremendous potential for promoting organizational success. For this reason, the new goal for many organizations is to manage diversity and strive to empower employees to develop their various talents effectively. Scholars have been ardent to highlight that encompassing diversity elevates the level of efficiency and innovation in an organization. Many organizations are endeavoring to register a remarkable innovative capacity. It is impossible for organizations to achieve this without bringing on board individuals with varying talents. Companies are looking for employees with diverse perspectives concerning different issues with the primary objective of having a team that can develop numerous alternative solutions. According to Chrobot-Mason and Abramovich (2013, p. 664), the new focus for every organization is on the strengths that each employee can bring to the business. Unlike in the past, companies do not exclude individuals based on their differences. Alcocer’s (2014, p. 205) assertions concerning diversity have helped businesses realize that the differences in any organization may help the company gain a competitive advantage.

English literature on poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English literature on poetry - Essay Example As the second stanza begins, the relater strikes a chord that all thoughts of her are still far-flung as the young woman in the photograph goes dancing ‘in the ballroom with the thousand eyes’: it gives the impression as though all the eyes were on her future mother. She envisions how her mother must have danced, and can comprehend that if the right person walked her house, she would have been in a daydream the next day: ‘those fizzy, movie tomorrows’ juggle up the miraculous feeling flawlessly. The daughter also knows that her grandmother would have been waiting with a thrashing if her mother was behind schedule home, but that this would have been a tiny cost to pay for such a nighttime out. In the third stanza, the daughter passes on to the moment of her birth with the expression ‘my loud, possessive yell’, handing over the thought that this was a crucial, life-changing split second. She becomes conscious that the ten years earlier her birth, as her mother moved toward parenthood, must have been the unsurpassed ones. She can consider playing with an elderly pair of her mother's ‘high-heeled red shoes, relics,’ and films her mother walking in them, bizarrely referring to her ‘ghost’ as she approaches. Her mind's eye takes on the senses equally on picture and odor as the picture becomes more glowing: ‘till I see you, clear as scent’; she thinks of her mother as ‘darling’, and envisions that she would have had love bites on her neckline. The fourth and final stanza begins with an animated Cha Cha Cha! in italics, and the daughter girl retains information on how her mother trained her to dance on the way home from cathedral. There is the wisdom of the outlawed here, rumbling the thought of her mother going home late to a penalty conceivably. These dancing coaching seem to have been in practice when the daughter was still a kid, as she says ‘Even then / I wanted the bo ld girl winking in Portobello’. The final two lines of the poem portray the mother's adobe as enchanting, and in the concluding one, the daughter incarcerates the quintessence of her mother's teenage years where she used to 'sparkle and waltz and laugh', fashioning a picture of a full of life, lighthearted, blithe young woman. Duffy compares the young woman's dreamy fantasies with the actuality of motherliness, which will come ten years later: â€Å"The thought of me doesn't occur/in...The fizzy, movie tomorrows/ the right walk home could bring...’’ hence, making it a very admiring, light-hearted beautiful piece of poetry. Activity 2 The poem is a four-canto one, each stanza comprises of five lines, with a little deviation in measurement lengthwise of line. The first two stanzas highlight solely on the life of the mother before the offspring was born, at the same time the third stanza unlocks with an indication to the daughter's delivery and then shifts to the daughter's mental picture of her mother in her past life, thus connecting a bond with the preceding stanzas. The fourth stanza starts on with reminiscence from the daughter's younger life with her mom, and then takes us backside once more to the mother's days of passion for dancing. The outward appearance of the poem is predictable: empty verse (unrhymed pentameters) stanzas, all of

The Nurses Role in the Health Care System Essay

The Nurses Role in the Health Care System - Essay Example Sexually transmitted diseases have been handled as a single entity in the healthy people 2010 objectives. The main objectives include reducing the number of Chlamydia trachomatis infections especially in those whose age bracket ranges between 15 and 40 years. Congenital herpes has also been identified as a threat and therefore given a high ranking among the objectives which are geared towards the reduction of such infections. Gonorrhea is also among the STDs that have been given the first priority in the objectives of the healthy people 2010. From the data available in their records, it is estimated that there are approximately 19 new cases of gonorrhea infections per every 100, 000 people. 1997 recorded a high rate of 123 infections per 100, 000 people. Among these, it was noticed that the highest proportion of new infections was recorded in the Americans of the Indian origin. Another objective is to ensure that youths especially adolescents, who are prone to these infections either abstain from sexual activities or those who don’t make use of the condoms in order to control the transmission of these infections. The target for this objective is to achieve 95% of the youth to either abstain or use condoms, up from 85% recorded in the year 1999 (Health And Human Services Dept, 2007). If this is achieved, it means that only 5% of the adolescents will be left to make their decisions presumably those who do not like following statistics on the number of people who lose their lives to STDs.

The Assignment Of The Mcdonalds Business Commerce Essay

The Assignment Of The Mcdonalds Business Commerce Essay This assignment based upon a company McDonalds. In todays economic competitive environment business go through structural and occupational changes, some are for the better and other for the worse. In with contract of managing change of McDonalds i am going to discuss history and background of the organisation ,the changes that are being affected by todays economy, swot analysis , pest analysis, comparison of the alternative from of the organisational development, an investigation and evolution of purposed changes, adaptation of appropriate modal for recommended changes and planning of implementation of processes and possible changes. Mcdonalds one of the largest fast food restaurant in all over the world, serving the best food every day. It was 1940 when two brother bother Dick and Mac started their first McDonalds restaurant in California, basically it was a BBQ restaurant. In 1948 they introduced the concept of speedee service system which was the step toward establishment towards the fast food restaurants. Till 1958 ther were 34 restaurants and afterword in late 1959 Kroc had opened 67 new restaurants total of 101. They indroduced world famous Golden arches logo in 1962. In 1961 McDonalds was the number one fast food chain of the country. In 1965 went through publiclization, afterward McDonald opened 1000t restaurants. In 1975 McDonald introduce its first drive. In 1983 McDonald was the second largest retailer of the chicken in the world in 1987 McDonald has opened 600 new restaurants. In 1967 the first foreign restaurant in the British Columbia ,Canada. By 1990 McDonald company had opened more than 3600 in more than 58 countries all over the world some of them were franchised agreements, some wholly owned subsidiaries and some at join venture.and the countries were Great Britain, japan, Canada, Germany, France and Australia. Hapburger university was opened by the corporation in Tokyo in 1971 and in Munich in 1975 and in London in 1982. Most of the growth came outside from the USA and the number of the stores increased from 3600 to 1100 restaurants from 1991 to 1998 and the number of the countries went doubled from 59 to 114 in the late 1998 in all over the world including middle east and some parts of the Asia. In th e urab countries for the restaurant chain they had introduce HAla menu, which is the according to the Islamic rule of preparation of the food. In 1996 they introduced McDonald in the Indian market. In 2004 McDonald had continued ppening new stores and took great consentration at the existing business. The number of stores incteased from 30496 to 32478 from 2004 to 2009. Changes at mcdonalds: Every management system within the organization want to maintain its strength, capability and competencies. Changes most of the time plays the key role in the development of the organisation toward the fulfilment of organisational future goal. It is very important for every single individual of any organisation to be prepare their minds for any upcoming change that are necessary for the future development of that particular organisation. Most of the changes are easily adoptable because of the latest technology. Most of the time changes makes the tasks to be done very easier , to make the life easy. For many organisations managing the change is consider a primary activity in deeply understanding the future objectives and goals for any organisation and even the implementation is consider physical step for the employment of an invention. The awareness of any part within the organisation for the improvement is consider the first step even in the change process. In the case of McDonalds c orporation lots of changes had happened in terms of business management, business strategy, business competition and in term of product and services. Some of the changes are as follows. 1937 Patrick McDonald had opened hamburger stand in California 1940 two brothers Dick and Mac had opened McDonald as BBQ restaurant 1948 introduction of speedee service system 1953 McDonalds first franchisee with Neil 1954 the introduction of entrepreneur and milkshake mix by Ray Kron 1955 introduction of grillman in the store 1958 the sale of 100 millionth hamburgers 1959 beginning of billboard advertisement 1960 company become the McDonalds corporation 1961 Dick and Mac had sell business rights and the opening of hamburger university 1962 the ad in national magazine and introduction of first setting restaurant 1963 500 restaurants were opened 1968 introduction of big Mac 1971 first Asian restaurant in japan 1973 introduction of egg Mc Muffin 1974 McDonalds corporation had opened 3000th restaurant in Woolwich south east London 1976 first cash division 1977 addition of breakfast menu in US 1978 5000th McDonalds restaurant in Japan and the graduation of 15000 students from the hamburger university 1979 the introduction of the happy meal in McDonalds menu 1980 addition in the menu with chicken Mc Nuggets 1984 the main sponsor of summer Olympics 1992 the worlds largest McDonald restaurant in chaina after word in Africa. Saudi Arabia 1996 the first Indian McDonald restaurant in India 1997 Mc Furry by Canadian franchisee 2000 publication of the fast food nation and the opening of the 1000th British restaurants 2002 15th rank in food quality among the hamburger chain 2003 3% fallen in shares in past 5 years 2004 super size option 2006 nutritional information at packaging for all products 2007 42-ounce super size suda 2008 chichen biscuit 2009 three versions of the Angus burger SWOT analysis: Strenth: McDonald had the great history and the achievement throughout its long experience period. Almost 67000 managers were promoted every year from the team members and McDonald is investing $ 1 billion in training employees every years 2008 no.1 food service company in fortune magazine Worlds most famous logos Community oriented and socially responsible organization contributing in care mobile programs in medical and in education of the children and sponsor of the Olympics athlets Multinational corporation operating more than 119 countries all over the world having more than 32000 restaurants Flexible culture adopted organization Excellent food preparation style and food safety Weakness: Failure of competing with fast food pizza chain Expenditure of the more money on training due to high turnover of employees Capitalization to organic food Negative impact between investors relationship due to decreasing ratio Opportunity: It is the great opportunity for the McDonald the introduction of healthy hamburger and it would be the first fast food to sell low fat low calorie hamburger with alternatives with FDA approval McDonald had the opportunity to provide more upscale setting style instead of industrial Formica restaurant setting like they are providing in new York to capture more market share They should add more value box meal in their menu in wide range of verities Breakfast menu, chicken, beverage and other convenience categories like special coffees etc are not only became the reason of the increase the sale in recession period but also is the reason in increase the number of the customers visting the restaurants Threat: Due to cradle to grave marketing they had created negative and criticized impression toward some of the parents of the children especially from some of the advocate parents which they thought is marginally ethical Many times in the past they had sued due to unhealthy food containing additive additives There is a documentary conducted by Michael Sulock super size me in 2004 in which he went through McDonald diet for one month and got cirihosis of the lever.as the result from the documentary McDonald had to remove the super size option from their dive thru window Food supply contamination There is a huge competition among the competitors like burger king, starbucks, taco bell, KFC and Wendys PEST analysis: Political factor: The new governent of UK has recently increased the taxes due to this increment cost of the raw material as well has increased. Most of the trading policies employment lows taxation corporation and the customers are in the favour of McDonald corporation and the companys revenue is also going up as compare to past. Economic factor: In 2009 McDonald had generated the revenue $22.7 billions where the operating profit was $6.8 billion and from the past five years the annual increment is 4.9% while the interest rates are increased and the inflation is going down day by day. The economic growth is going up exchange rates are as well increased and in the business life cycle McDonald is at the maturity level. Technological factor: At this stage of competitor technological environment for the company success full operations technology is the key element because the company needs latest machines and other equipment to provide good and fast customer service satisfaction. Being a worlds no.1 and leading brand for the food service retailer company must need to consider the latest technology for the preparation and serving the food in more efficient way in challenging environment. UK government is spending more at research. Social factor: McDonald is well known brand all over the world and McDonald corporation is very conscious health safety and welfare point of view. In every country they had divided their marketing strategy demographically according to the related culture of that particular region. It differs according to challenging changing life style of different regions of the world. Like m the menu in term of taste and spice is totally different in UK as compare to Asia especially in India. A comparison of the alternative form of the organization development: Every organisation will have to undergo development and changes over the time McDonald had undergo through several changes in the past like in employees related matters in products and srevises vs the current changes or the proposed changes. Now a days the new marketing complain of the McDonald is to adopt the new health conscious sub image that would be the according to latest health awareness trend and the target market would be the children. The main goal of this proposed change is to introduce a new sprate low fat menu for the children. McDonald is aware this kind of strategy will give the awareness to consumers the importance of the health to both parents and children about the nutritional value of the meal and this marketing will introduce new McDonald to public. In order to implement this invention company need a particular departmental tasks to handle the necessary matters related to particular change. It is proved that the changes leve the different conflict before during an d after the implementation. Thus it is the responsibility of the manager to have the ability to understand what need to be changed but also have the effective knowledge to introduce the change. In this situation the resistance can be occur thus might be some employees or customer are in the favour or against the purposed change. If we compare different companies that are the competitors of the McDonald everyone is in huge competition and everyone is adopting the necessary changes tocapture the market share and to fullfill its future organisational goal. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/04/corporate-leadership-and-change-management.html Stakeholder analysis : Stakeholder are the groups or individuals who have direct or indirect impact upon the organisation. Each stake holder has different interest upon the organisation depending upon his status in that particular organisation one of the McDonald stakeholders is the employees because any change occur in the organisation it directly effect the employees because they want to be the business success full. Other stakeholders are the government ,suppliers, social societies ,NGOs , managers , shareholders , distributer and the local community. Any occurring change in the McDonald corporation leaves the direct effect upon the stakeholders. Change is necessary for the development of the organisation as it is playing in a competitive environment and business as well treat each stakeholder in different way because the business want to do anything they can do in order to win their arguments. Overall we can say most important stakeholder of the McDonald is its valuable customers any change in the corp oration in term of menu in term of product , price ,place and promotion will directly affect them. Customers are the key elements of the business they bring the money to the company and without them the business will be unsuccessful and the company will lose their reputation and soon will have to close down. Effective communication is also plays a valuable role between the stakeholders. To implent the valuable in the organisation effective communication is necessary to understand the proposed changes and to implement it efficiently and effectively. And there should be the feedback and feed forward system. To bring a change there should be alternative course of action for a valid proposed change in the organisation and they should use appropriate control mechanism and the established budget system for the organisation and its stakeholders to implement efficient and effective change in the organisation. An investigation and evaluation of proposed changes: Change is constant and especially in the field of fast food every day people want to taste something new something different from the past that is the big reason why the change is needed in the chosen organisation. McDonald is inverting lots of the money at the reaserch every year to indroduce more healthy and nutritional food to its valuable customers the company is proposing the following changes New products with delicious taste and valuable customer satisfaction New look and image in the customer mind New soft policies and procedures for the stakeholders Locations and logistics New business strategies A senior McDonalds executive said that recent changes to the fast food chains menu were prompted not by a desire to appear socially responsible but by customer demand. The scope of the change in the implementation of the integrated marketing communication (IMC) As the part of the marketing strategy. The main purpose of this change is the promotional compain about the advertisement of the McDonald corporation. Normally these task are to be done by the open sponsorship of offering the products and services and those are all done by using different kind of promotional channels (media) that are use for the promotional compains and advertising. the main focus of this change is on advertising and sale promotion and this change will direct effect to IMC as the part of the marketing strategy of the McDonald. http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=2043 7-S model of change: There are various school of thoughts developed over the years in order to establish the organisation successfully effect the change. 7-S model is the systematic management tool that is design to examine the organizational structure. In this seven key areas of the organization are discussed and their key elements and their internal relationship as well. These 7 are als divided in two categories hard and soft elements. Hard element: Strategy Structure System Soft elements Shared values, skills, style and staff Strategy: In the changing environment the main strategy of the McDonald is the proper rote map planning to attain the competitive advantage and the main aim to capture the more market share by providing then healthy nutritional food at competitive price with efficient service system. Structure: The hierarchy of the McDonald is from top down management any proposed change and its implementation is start from the top level management to the lower level management passing through the middle level. This is the positive point for the McDonald. System: McDonald Corporation is a system within the system every single task and the proposed change is performed in a systematic way. There could be one change that will help the organization to achieve its goal that is the processing system for the preparation of the food and the delivery system need to be simplified in The day to day processes and procedure throughout the company. Shared value: There is strong need of the change in the share value in the McDonald for the effective communication and involvement of each single individual in the organization in order to discuss the core value of the compamy. Style: This is the soft element of the organization as will depend upon which management style the organization style the management the organization is having is either the leadership style or any other one. McDonald corporation have the leadership management style in which any proposed change is discussed inefficient way. Staff: McDonald consider its employees as the to success the business it is taking in consideration their employees and their board abilities regarding the future change. Skills: Skill and compitencies of the employees are consider the soft element for the organisation. McDonald is paying deep intension and investing huge amount of money at training of its employees for providing even batter products to their customers in efficient way to get the require stasfaction from the customers and to full fill the company,s goal. http://www.lmcuk.com/management-tool/the-7-s-model-for-organisational-change kotters 8- step model change: the author of this model is consider guru in leadership and change management, he is the professor at Harvard business school and has introduced eight steps in the change process in his book 1995 Leading change Create urgency The change will happen successfully if every single individual in the organization (whole organization) or out side really want that change . to get the motivational step towards the things to move it is necessary to devepol the sense of urgency needed for that change. For that purpose the McDonald need to identify the potential threat and to do the future forecast. Than have the look at available opportunities. McDonald need to start the honest discussion so that the people can think and talk about that particular change and request for the feedback from all the stakeholders. Form a power full coalition: It is necessary to convince the people about the necessary change for the favourable leadership from the key persons for that McDonald need to identify the true leaders in the organization as for the emotional commitment building the team within its change in coalition and the most important thing is the availability of the staff in different departments at each level of the management require to perform particular task. create the vision for the change: a clear vision will help everyone to understand why when and where these changes these changes need to be done. It describes the value that are the reason for the change. McDonald need to adopt the short summery of the future forecast of the organization and to execute the vision. Communicate the vision Communication plays the key role in the success of the organisation. In McDonald corporation for the proposed changes day to day communication is necessary to discuss the change in the vision and need to tie everything back to vision. 5-Remove the abstracts: Resistance in the change is as well constant in some how. The organization need to identify is there any resistance in the proposed changes for that purpose McDonald need to hire the change leader who plays the main role in developing the change and need to look in the structure of the change and description of the job, establishing reward and remove the business quickly. 6-Create the short terms-win McDonald need to create short term target so that each single targeted change can be achieve easily and need to choose early target that are less expensive and reware the people to help to achieve the targeted goal. 7- build on the change. Quick wins are just the beginning and are lead toward the fulfilment of the main goal of the organization. Every organisation need to consider ever small win in which what they have done and what the improvements are needed. Always keep the idea fresh discuss with the agents and the leaders for the coalition. 8- Anchor the change in corporation culture: Finally for any change stick it should be the part of the organization for this purpose every thing must shown in day to day work sheet. McDonald need to discuss the change ideas and the value when hiring and training new staff and there should be the alternative of replacement of key leaders as the more on and this will be legacy and is not forggtten. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_82.htm Therefore, it is concluded that, changes of management is not bad as long as the changes made can really enhance the competitiveness and strength of an organisation.   It is effective, if and only if, a thorough investigation and evaluation of the organizations performance has made. And if the study suggests that there is a need for change, then that is the only time, the organisation should imposed required changes to be done. Because, change of management system is very critical or crucial, one wrong move, the company, might faced its biggest downturn instead of strengthen and expand its business portfolio and survive to the stiff competition in the business arena. It is recommended that McDonald must see to it that the changes are well planned and implemented carefully, because these will the basis for the success and/or failure of any organisation.

Computer Crime Essay -- Technology

The introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practice. Society now has many new issues to work through, from invasion of privacy to the copying of movies and hacking. To define exactly what computer ethics is a difficult task due to it being tied to an evolving technology, the field changes whenever the technology changes. Computer ethics did not truly exist as an ethical discipline until the 1970’s. Walter Maner was the first to use such a term stating it as â€Å"ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology† [Maner, 1978]. While new ethical problems have arisen he also stated that old or existing problems have been made worse due to the expansion of information technology. Since then, several people have had different views on what computer ethics actually is. In 1985 Deborah Johnson wrote a book entitled Computer ethics. It defined computer ethics as the study that â€Å"pose new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms† [Johnson, 1985]. Johnson was similar to that of Maner however; she did not believe computers created new ethical issues. Instead, recommending computers solely altered the existing issues by giving them a â€Å"twist†. The best defini... ...arter Kit in Computer Ethics, Helvetia Press (published in cooperation with the National Information and Resource Center for Teaching Philosophy). [Originally self-published by Maner in 1978.] Moor, James H. (1985) "What Is Computer Ethics?" In Bynum, Terrell Ward, ed. (1985) Computers and Ethics, Blackwell, 266-75. [Published as the October 1985 issue of Metaphilosophy.] Spafford, Eugene, et al. (1989) Computer Viruses: Dealing with Electronic Vandalism and Programmed Threats, ADAPSO. Tavani, Herman T. (1999) "Privacy On-Line," Computers and Society, Vol. 29, No. 4, 11-19. TechWeb. (April 15, 2004) "Average PC plauged with 28 pieces of Spyware" (CMP), Avaliable: http://www.techweb.com/wire/26804582 (Acessed: September 17, 2005) Webster's New Millenniumâ„ ¢ Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.6) Copyright  © 2003-2005 Lexico Publishing Group, LLC

Analysis and Interpretation

Impressionist movement. He saw â€Å"Claude Motet's Impression, Sunrise exhibited in 1874, and stated it was a sketch or â€Å"impression† not finished painting. Short visible strokes are the style included in Impressionism. This may include dots, commas, smears and/or blobs. Paintings in this style often show shadows and highlights in color. This style of loose brushwork gives an effect of spontaneity and effortlessness. Brief moments of life are shown in paintings by Impressionism artists. (Art T. M. , 2000-2014). There was major political and social transition in central Europe that helped lead into theImpressionism period. This included the 19th Century industrial expansion. Farmers were forced to become paid labors in factories. Governments across Europe are exploring methods to balance the polarities of social right and material progress. Churches were trying to use new scientific knowledge and social theory against the ancient scriptures. â€Å"France was experiencing various governments and various forms of government rising and succeeding another between the absolute monarchies that ends with Louis the XVI in 1789† (Hammerings, 1998).Among these turbulent years France saw lattice outcomes that range from reign Of terror, constitutional monarchy, a republic, a royal restoration and a socialist commune as well as the Napoleonic Empire. These artists came together due to the fact that they were dissatisfied with the Salon system. This was for multiple reasons. It included the type of art being sold and the structure for exhibiting and selling art. Paris become a city in which mass spending was a major activity. Stores with generous windows displays existed. Art exhibitions were becoming more widespread. Many people collected art in the same manor that the bought ewe clothes.Art was displayed in a manner that made people want to purchase it. It was the beginning of advertising. Magazines would display beautiful women with the artwork. AY. La ter Historical Art Period – Post Impressionism Roger Fry invented Post-Impressionism as he got ready for an exhibition at Grafton Gallery in London in 191 0 (Geris-Nisei, 2014). ‘ ‘The show was called â€Å"Meant and the Post-Impressionists† (November 8, 1910-January 15, 191 1), a canny marketing ploy to pair a brand name (?dotard Meant) with younger French artists whose work was not well known on the other side of theEnglish Channel† (Geris-Nisei, 2014). Vincent van Gogh, Paul CZane, Paul Gauguin, George Serrate, Andre Derail, and other painters were included in the exhibition. Post Impressionists expanded Impressionism while not giving into its limitations. They persistently used vivid colors, thick application of paint, and real-life subjects. Post Impressionist artists were likely to emphasize geometric forms, to distort forms for expressive effect, and to use unnatural colors. With the use of vivid colors and forms, their art was characterized by visual and abstract tendencies (Gallery, 2002-2013).The social and political proceedings in France during the sass were years of extremes. The French underwent rapid industrialization and economic growth. In the mid 1 8805 they were subject to the depression. They also had to deal mentally with its defeat by the Prussian in 1 870 (History, 1979-1980). Industrialization brought in capitalism to the society with materialism as the key point. Revolutionary painting techniques were used to attempt to outrage the art-loving public. AY. Relationship Impressionism and Post-Impressionism refers to an influential artistic movement.It was started by a group of artist that wanted to open paintings up to a different approach. The artists were also rejected by the art galleries at that time. I feel these artists were looking for a way to provide support for themselves at a time when France's government was unstable. Both of these styles were able to let artists to open up in the type of paints that were completed. This allowed the next style of paintings to arise. AAA. Similarities and Differences Similarities between Impressionists and Post-Impressionists are they both obtain real-life subject, distinctive brushstrokes, thick layers of paint and vivid lord.The artists in both periods painted landscapes and scenes of modern life (Online, 2007-2014). The Impressionist painted in the open air and used a palette of pure colors. The Impressionist painters were concerned With way that light or sunshine lights up the subject-matter. Paintings of this type were much quicker to be completed. The main difference between both styles is that Post-impressionism aimed to attain more form and structure, as well as more expression and emotion into their paintings. Post-Impressionists rejected Impressionism's concern with the spontaneous and naturalistic endearing of light and color† (Online, 2007-2014).Instead they placed more emphasis on more symbolic content, formal order and st ructure (Online, 2007-2014). Post Impressionism artists did their paintings in an indoor studio. They could take hours to complete a single painting. Baby. Explanation Nature painted in the terms of light and color were a style of Impressionism. Post impressionists painted with emotion, and intellect. They wanted to express their paintings beyond the appearance. There paintings stressed their personal view of the world. Post- impressionism artists' used both color ND form to describe emotions.Post-Impressionists rejected Impressionism's apprehension with the unprompted and naturalistic rendering of light and color. Post Impressionists favor a prominence on more symbolic content, formal order and structure. They also believed that color could be impartial from form and composition and an exciting bearer Of meaning (Online, 2007-2014). AY Comparison of Works have chosen two paintings to compare â€Å"The White Bridge† by John Henry Attachment and â€Å"Traces on Water† b y Claudia Presence. I personally really like both of these paintings. They both contain bodies of water. Would prefer the second selection if had to chose one. Eke the vivid colors and the deepness of the water. The second painting is of a body of water that I would like to see in nature. It looks beautiful and peaceful. ‘The White Bridge' by John Henry Attachment (Attachment). â€Å"The White Bridge† scene captures the blossoming of spring. It has loosely feathery brushstrokes of green and rich brown colors. The painting shows the peacefulness of the water. The bridge crosses over a body of water that has a reflective surface. The white bridge stands out in contrast to the rest of the painting. The bridge was painted in light airy tokes. Would like to think there may have been trees close by. Chicago, 2000, p. 94). â€Å"Traces on Water† by Claudia Presence (Presence). The water shown here is the main element in the picture. Water is a basic element of survival. The dark blue-green color shows the depth, and stillness of the water. The color in this picture are more vivid than the painting by John Henry Attachment. This painting shows the difference between the perception of light and the beauty of nature. In Presence's paintings the lines and curves are more abstract and suggestive than in some traditional Impressionist art (Art F. ). This painting hints at the objects they represent rather than showing them realistically.AY. Influence of Later Historical Art Period personal styles that focused on the emotional, structural and spiritual elements are another reason that the post impressionism came from Impressionism (Post Impressionism ; The Roots of Modern Art). The artists by drastically influencing styles and artistic expression were able to influence generations of artists to follow. Their combined contributions to the artistic roots of modern art assisted for the next eighty years (Post Impressionism – The Roots of Modern Art). I have enjoyed researching and learning in depth about the two different types of paintings.

The Revengers Tragedy a Play by Brain Gibbons

The Revengers Tragedy a Play by Brain Gibbons Literary work is a reflection of what is happening in the society. Authors normally voice their opinions about issues affecting the society through various themes. These themes are closely linked together through analysis of a character’s actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Revenger’s Tragedy† a Play by Brain Gibbons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the contemporary society, introduction of literature research has extensively increased the volume of literature in every topic of interest researchers may be interested in especially in use of expression tools such as metaphors to present a symbolic view that a character display in a play or a book. As a matter of fact, irrespective of the level of knowledge and understanding of research facets, literature versions are inclusive of literature tools such as metaphors. Literature comparison is about enjoying the phrases, feeling the n arrator’s words in action, imagining, and placing oneself in the writer’s shoes. Writings with consistent assumptions and symbolic insinuation add comprehensiveness to sentence structures or phrases with hidden meaning. The play, â€Å"The Revenger’s Tragedy† by Brain Gibbons presents a violent and vivid portrait of ambition and unending lust in an Italian community. Specifically, this play typifies artistic cynicism and satire to present a picture of a revenge quest that culminates into unfounded tragedy for both parties. Thus, this analytical treatise attempts to explicitly prove that revenge is dehumanizing in the play. Specifically, the paper concentrates on the death of the King and his attitude and treatment of his mother. Across the paper, the analysis draws critical reflection on the events that culminate into revenge and their eventual results. Gibbons was successful in addressing hypocrisy that was dominant in the early century in the theme of r evenge desires. This theme forms the foundations upon which the society of this play was built. It resonates across generations since its influence is inherent. Revenge desires as a thematic touch on identity crisis, tradition, manipulation, and marriage. The play â€Å"The Revenger’s Tragedy† portrays deep decay in political and moral parameters of the society. Irrespective of social class, religious inclination, size of accumulated wealth, epoch inclination, and beauty, death kisses people equality every time it knocks on the door of its victim. The tragedy delves on love, life, and tyranny. As a matter of fact, the key antagonists and protagonists demise eventually. Interestingly, death is presented as a redeemer of what each character stands for. Specifically, Vindice forms the image of an avenger who links economic disparities and female chastity to plot a dehumanizing plot on the old irresponsible king. Thus, â€Å"the smallest advantage fattens wronged men† (Gibbons 1.2.98).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The king is morally bankrupt and very corrupt in dispensing his authority on the subjects. Irrespective of the position of a person, revenge is presented as a poisonous object that sweeps away both the antagonist and the ‘revenger’. Despite having been an ideal person at the beginning of his quest, Vindice incessant activity resorts to the very ideals he protested against in the process of fulfilling â€Å"that bald Madam Opportunity† (Gibbons 1.1.55). Reflectively, Vindice becomes the victim of moral decadence and follows the ill practices concocted by the nobility in the society. In the process of revenge, the dehumanizing acts of aimless killings, habitual lying, and irresponsibility replaces gentlemanly attributes that were associated with him. Revenge is a continuing inspiration to overtur n the wrongs that were committed by a third party. When internalized, though may appear fulfilling, the art of revenge inspires hatred and unreasonable response to stimuli. For instance, in the process of plotting a revenge on the King, Vindice climbs overboard and convinces his parent to resort to prostituting his only sister Castiza to complete the revenge plot. Reflectively, the journey towards revealing truth makes him adopt a ‘Machiavellian cynicism’ that undermines his quest. He states, â€Å"Thou hast no conscience; are we not revenged? Is there one enemy left alive amongst those† (Gibbons 108). In the end, Vindice loses his outstanding personality and replaces it with self righteousness that is characterized by distributing blames and hanger on innocent third parties. He claims â€Å"And therefore I’ll put on that knave for once†¦for to be hones is not be in the world† (Gibbons 1.1.93). Vindice can be described as an agent of his own do wnfall. In the end, just like the slain King, Vindice ends up dead while fulfilling the burning desire to avenge. Across the play, the same fate crowns Hippolito, Ambitioso, Lussurioso, and Supervacuo. Death is a natural thing, and despite the fact that it is a sad affair, it might be less hurting if someone dies a natural death. However, Vindice, Ambitioso and Spurio fail to redeem themselves from the consequences of revenge and ends up in an unending holocaust. Specifically, the moral weakness of Vindice is seen when his personal indignation on the manners of the court and corrupt system of the judiciary metamorphoses into a radical immorality of a crime he later commit. As a result, Vindice states â€Å"the foul practice hath turn’d itself on me† (Gibbons 5.2. 299-300). Death is a tragedy that is unexpected, and it is not pleasant at all. The ground as to why inhabitants do not appreciate death is because it causes emotional damage and pain.Advertising We wi ll write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Revenger’s Tragedy† a Play by Brain Gibbons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The bitterness and resentment of Vindice make his vows that â€Å"in the midst of all their joys they shall sigh blood† (Gibbons 5.2.22). In a twist of events, these words culminate into the tragic destiny of Vindice. Thus, revenge is dehumanizing since those plotting it resort opt for the murders as political expedients of convenience and stimulates cosmic disorders in the society. The play ends in the purges that horrify other characters. Vengeance becomes the only Pyrrhic victory to these characters obsessed with the tasks of fulfilling tasks that are pre-ordained. For instance, Vindice states, â€Å"I do repent but heaven hath pleas’d it so†¦that I must be their scourge and minister† (Gibbons 3.4.173). This arouses inhuman acts of indiscriminate revenge actions with ill motives. For instance, Middleton’s my inspiration towards revenge was to institute a revulsion arousing dramatic tool. Besides, Vindice idolized revenge and painted it with words like â€Å"sweet, delectable, rare, happy, and ravishing† (Gibbons 3.5.1). This arouses suspicion into the underlying motives which sends Vindice into a medieval vice. Thus, revenge cripples these characters with hatred that culminates into premeditated murder. As a result, revenge â€Å"throwne luck upon the forehead of our state (Gibbons 1.2.4). Moreover, the remedy of the court was an alternative resort that was exercised only when disputes happened. The judicial proceeding was intended to provide solutions to existing disputes. The court was responsible to handle injustice cases that had already happened in the society and reassure the mass of fairness and accountability. However, the King’s revenge motives completely defaced the functions of this court. In his bid for revenge and center po wer, the King neglected justice in the court. Revenge games compromises integrity of the parties involved. Reflectively, this happens due to the fact that some of the players are naà ¯ve, while others are indifferent. For instance, Vindice is unhappy at his parent’s inability to resist bribery. The mother states, â€Å"I blush to think what for your sake I’ll do† (Gibbons 2.1.24). In this aspect, revenge is dehumanizing in its characteristic of making parasites out of people, internalizing corruption, and being the engine that drives greed and unending lust for advancements in the social endeavors. All the characters in the revenge matrix have selfish and debased ambitions that inspire their urge to maintain the status quo irrespective of any collateral damage in the process. Interestingly, the Duke who should symbolize justice and moral authority asserts that â€Å"I’ll try them both upon their love and hate† (Gibbons 2.3.86).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, Vindice’s reaction reveals an unfounded hatred, ignorance and blindness of high magnitude as they climaxed. In an ironic tone, Vindice retorts, â€Å"Pray heaven their blood may wash away all treason† (Gibbons 2.3. 98). The other revenging characters destroy Vindice as a survival tactic on realizing that he plans to destroy them. Justice was a notion that concerned duties and rights of people in this society. Justice was an interpersonal concept that sought to resolve conflict among people. Nevertheless, this was not to claim that inferior interests were suppressed. Justice aimed to sustain and build right behaviors while judicial court was responsible to deliver judgment among peoples. However, the rejection of justice by the King resulted in series of revenge plots that swept the morals and ethics of this society. Gibbons, Brian. The Revengers Tragedy, New York: Norton, 1967. Print.

How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin

How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin Where do your customers hang out? What kinds of things do they like? What publications do they read? Customer research involves a lot of leg work, so does this information even matter? How can you leverage such insight for SEO? Today, we’re talking to Rand Fishkin, founder of SparkToro and author of Lost and Founder. He is a powerhouse in the content marketing and SEO world. Some of the highlights of the show include: Background, origination, and purpose of SparkToro Reaching/Researching Audiences: Slow, frustrating, and inaccurate process Companies spend money contracting agencies for a list of top customers, blogs, podcasts, and events Bones of Audience Intelligence: 1) Identify audiences across channels; 2) Know audience density; 3) Use trustworthy and valuable metrics How to obtain, benchmark, filter, and analyze data Data Points: Which to focus on and where to get them Social Network Profiles: Report follower count and engagement Biases generate unrepresentative data influenced by SEO Significant sample sizes and diverse groups are needed for true coverage Examples of missing specific audiences SparkToro lets you find people who practice specific fields Does current audience intelligence data represent the market as a whole? Improve SEO by helping audience accomplish tasks, and identifying and broadening link sources Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By AMP081: How To Do Remarkable Customer Research With Rand Fishkin From SparkToro 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Links: Rand Fishkin on Twitter SparkToro Lost and Founder Project Event Safe Moz SurveyMonkey Audience Nate Silver SimilarWeb Pro AMP on iTunes leave a review and send screenshot to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Rand: â€Å"If you’re looking at a social network profile, don’t just report on follower count, go look at the last 20 or 50 postsreport on how much engagement did each of those get.† â€Å"Go out there, build a company, make mistakes, just don’t make exactly the same ones I did.† â€Å"You get biased by your existing understanding of the field.†

The Sierra Leone Civil War (Methods used by the RUF whether effective Research Paper

The Sierra Leone Civil War (Methods used by the RUF whether effective or not) - Research Paper Example In presenting this paper, I intend to analyze the effectiveness of the methods used by the RUF in terrorising young children and other refugees in becoming forced fighters as well as their sheer ruthlessness in destroying civilian dwellings by theft, loot, and murder. In doing so, I have considered to present some important events of the war: the beginning of the war and the formation/evolution of RUF, the resistance faced by the RUF, techniques implemented by the RUF, effects of the war and the RUF brutalities, and the eventual end of the war along with the RUF. The paper ends with a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the RUF in their approach and the effects that it generated throughout the life and times of the people of the fated country – Sierra Leone. Tarawalie 2 BEGINNING OF THE WAR: THE FORMATION OF RUF AND ITS AGENDA On 23rd March, 1991, Sierra Leone was engulfed in a civil war that was to last for more than a decade. The inception of the war was triggered by t he rebel army named Revolutionary United Front which was led by Foday Sankoh – a former corporal of the Sierra Leone army who later became a pro-Gaddafi insurgent. On returning back from Libya after receiving specialised training, he initiated an insurgency movement which later culminated into a civil war. His actions were supported by Charles Taylor- the then Liberian president â€Å"who (Charles Taylor) was the principal beneficiary from this criminal business† (Gberie 184). Although the RUF theme was aimed solely to set up a multi-party democracy by overthrowing the Momoh regime, they completed failed to define a future political agenda. What seemed to be the bottom-line were the massive diamond resources that were to come under their disposal once the current regime was powerless. These economic perks along with the ineffectual retaliation from the government forces and the subsequent defection by many civilians and soldiers led the country to a grotesque civil war . Although the RUF would later face some resistance from the Sierra Leone army, negligence and incompetence would allow them to later push back across the country and maintain their strongholds on many economically and geographically important areas like the mines of Moyamba and Bonthe districts and the country’s capital- Freetown. For most of Sierra Leone’s youth, there were only limited options left- either to remain where they were and get themselves obliterated by the rebels or to flee to the neighbouring Liberia. Ironically, this was to led them into war rather than distance them from the conflict. What the world was going to witness was the grotesque killings of refugees and forced inclusion of children into the military either by force or by the fake promises of food, water and medical care. Tarawalie 3 RESISTANCE FACED BY THE RUF The RUF in the course of its aggressive journey encountered many resistances which it either quelled or dealt with tactical approach. "Despite their brutality the RUF retained coherence as a military force and their links to neighbouring Liberia ensured that they could maintain themselves with equipment and provisions" (Dorman 38). Nevertheless, most of the initial resistances were either not consistent or were quite incompetent in their fight

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Book Review - Essay Example On Job: God-Talk and the Suffering of the Innocent, Gutierrez makes use of the story of Job as the basis of his proof that the suffering of people is not an evidence of the absence of God. Rather, it is an avenue through which the people could encounter God. The ills of our society today should not be seen as the work of a complacent and ambivalent omnipotent being but the result of the unbelieving masses that are complacent and ambivalent themselves. The author can thus be seen as relating theology and the real life and inspires others to join the cause. One could argue that so many theologians and religious individuals write about matters which they think they have the authority to speak of but are actually hermits or persons that only move within the boundaries of the religion’s large estate. Gutierrez draws credibility to his work by being able to experience the suffering of people in Latin America. The author finds and establishes that there is much lesson to be learned in "the starvation of millions, the humiliation of races regarded as inferior, discrimination against women, †¦ the sufferings of people who are struggling for their right to live, †¦ terrorism of every kind, and the corpse-filled graves of Ayacucho" (p. 102) and that is to realize for ourselves that we are the one responsible and able to address the situation. The justice in God’s seeming ambivalence is the opportunity it presents for people to appreciate His work and to be able to take part in the salvation of mankind. Gutierrez’s work can be seen as an â€Å"essay in theological reflection" (p. xvi) as he himself claims but one would find it also as a synthesis between theory and real life situations. On Job is an attempt to make people realize the reasons why suffering exists in all nations encompassing all walks of life. It is also an attempt to refute the claim of others that God is not a God of Love much less a God at all. Since the issue of religion is

Alcohol Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alcohol Market - Assignment Example Traditions are notoriously difficult to break within an culture, especially those that are associated with good times, excitement and an escape from the more somber aspects of life. The market is also influence by the fact that a tee-totaler is often regarded with a mixture of suspicion and derision by the very customers that would need to buy NAB/LAB. A person who does not drink alcohol is seen as someone who will lessen the jovial spirit at any social gathering. A sober person among the drunk is somewhat out of place. The drinking people feel it and that person is often not welcome. Kaliber overcame this in a number of ways. First, it was produced by Guinness corporation, which is associated with one of the most famous beers in the world. Thus there was at least a chance this NAB would stand a chance of at least being considered. Second, the choice of a Billy Connolly as a spokesperson was an attempt to transform the idea that non-alcoholic drinks are "not fun" into the idea that one could indeed have a good time while drinking them. Connolly's public image was one of the drunken Scotsman, a near out-of-control comedian who lived a legendary wild life of debauchery. This was an attempt to overcome the most basic and overriding problem that Kaliber faced: that non-alcoholic drinks are somehow less macho and/or feminine than alcoholic drinks. A perhaps disarming, but in hindsight brilliant move was to have Connolly talk about the beer in a serious manner. His deadpan delivery of the advert was not expected, but in a sense placed the beer as a "straight man" to the funny man of alcoholic beer. By the straight man is just as much part of the entertainment within a comedy routine, and by association, a NAB such as Kaliber could be part of the overall, happy social experience of a pub. The idea was to suggest that alcohol is not the defining factor, but rather the sociability and conviviality of the drinking situation. The choice of Billy Connolly as a spokesman personified this idea. Why did Guinness and the agency then feel it was necessary to reposition the Kaliber brand The basic reason for the repositioning of Kaliber was that, while the market was growing and Kaliber had a 30% share of that market, but by 1989 the market had stagnated and it appeared that low alcohol beers would become dominant as the public perceived them as tasting better and also that they were easier to brew. The Kaliber brand needed to be repositioned because it was in danger of losing its leadership position, not because of any particular weaknesses within the product itself, but because of the changing fortunes of the NAB versus LAB dynamic in general. How successful was the campaign The campaign involved Connolly in sober tones stating that you could drink as much NAB as you liked, but that LAB could get you drunk, with all the bad possibilities thus appearing. The results were startling and overwhelming positive. Thus awareness of Kaliber as an alcohol-free brand rose from 40% to 70%, and preference for NAB in general over LAB in general grew from 39% to 52%. As the case study states, "between July 1989 and the end of 1990, Kaliber's share grew from 12% to 20%." Again, the campaign itself was effected by